Table Of Content,
Short Communications
/ Raptor Res. 30(3):157-159
© 1996 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
GOLDEN EAGLE PREDATION ON PRONGHORNS IN WYOMING’S
GREAT DIVIDE BASIN
R.D. Deblinger^ and A. William Alldredge
Department ofFishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523 U.S.A.
Key Words: pronghorn', golden eagle; Antilocapra ameri- and 23 golden eagles for a density of17.7 pronghorn and
cana; Aquila chrysaetos; predation; behavior, Wyoming, Great 0.13 golden eagles per km^. Data from our two strip-tran-
Divide Basin sects provided an estimate of 0.94 lagomorphs per ha.
We considered these estimates to be accurate indicators
From 1980-85, while studying pronghorn antelope in of the relative abundance of predators and prey in our
Wyoming’s Great Divide Basin, we recorded seven inci- study area.
dents ofgolden eagles {Aquila chrysaetos) attackingprong- All but one of our observations of golden eagles at-
horns {Antilocapra americana). Most reported observa- tacking pronghorns were made from November through
tions of golden eagle predation on pronghorns involve February 1981-84. Six observations were made from a
newborn fawns during spring and summer (Beale and vehicle and one from the air. We do not know if our
Smith 1973, Barrett 1978, Beale 1978, Bodie 1978, Von aircraft influenced pronghorn or eagle behavior during
Gunten 1978, Autenrieth 1980), but a few attacks have this attack, but during all five winter observations made
been recorded in winter (Lehti 1947, Thompson 1949, from the vehicle, we were parked, watching groups of
Bruns 1970, Goodwin 1978) when two adult males, one pronghorns and they began to run from eagles, notfrom
adult female and four fawns were killed. Herein, we pro- us. We were traveling along a two-track road when our
vide further evidence for golden eagle predation on summer observation was made and, because pronghorns
pronghorns, particularly during the winter. were running when we first observed them, we do not
The studywas conducted in the Great Divide Basin, an know if our vehicle or the eagle first caused pronghorns
area ofshrubsteppe habitat located northwest ofRawlins, to flee. Eagles were not marked, thus we do not know
Wyoming. Golden eagles utilize the area preying on how many individual eagles were involved in attacks or if
pronghorns, white-tailed jackrabbits {Lepus townsendii) the same eagle may have been observed in more than
desert cottontails {Sylvilagus audubonii) and sage grouse one attack.
{Centrocercus urophasianus) (U.S. Dept, of Interior 1978). Each winter attack involved a single golden eagle and
We observed eagles in the study area throughout the groups of 120 to 350 pronghorns. The pronghorns be-
year. Rabbits and sage grouse were observed almost daily. came alarmed when the eagle vocalized while circling a
In late summer 1982, we conducted two strip-transectsur- herd at an estimated elevation of 60 m. Pronghorns fled
m
veys to estimate lagomorph densities. These surveys were only when the eagle flew low (10 or less above the
conducted by driving a vehicle at night and counting all ground) and directly toward them. In one instance,
lagomorphs in a transect defined by the width of the pronghorns fled when the eagle was seen flying at them
headlight beam. In March 1983, we attempted to count from 300 m away. When running from an eagle, prong-
all pronghorns and eagles in the 182 km‘^ area where we horns appeared to group more closely than when we ob-
observed eagle attacks. Counts covered the entire area served them escaping from coyotes (Canis latrans) or hu-
and were made using a Piper Supercub aircraft flown at mans.
an elevation of 60 m along 400-m-wide north-south tran- When circling pronghorns, eagles did not always at-
sects. Surveys began 30 min after sunrise on days when tack. When they did attack, there was a consistentpattern
visibility was excellent and used one observer who always of circling, vocalizing, and flying away from the group of
looked away from the sun. pronghornsjust prior to the initiation ofa chase. During
During our 1983 survey, we counted 3230 pronghorn all five winter observations made from the ground, eagles
vocalized. Pronghorns watched eagles fly away and con-
tinued to watch the area where they had disappeared.
^ Present Address: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries When an eagle reappeared flying low to the ground and
and Wildlife, Field Headquarters, Westboro, MA 01581 directly toward them, the pronghorns bunched more
U.S.A. closely together and then ran. When the pronghorns
157
158 Short Communications VoL. 30, No. 3
fled, the eagle targeted the last animal in the group, and pronghorns vulnerable to eagle predation. Snow depth
all subsequent attacks were directed toward that isolated ranged from 0-10 cm and did not impede pronghorn
individual. movement nor did it appear to influence eagles when
t\11 attacks were similar and, after the eagle caught up they attacked pronghorns.
to the pronghorn, it landed on its back at points varying It was interesting that eagles prey on adult pronghorns
from just posterior to the withers to slighdy anterior to nearly as frequently as on immatures. Nearly 50% ofour
the white rump patch. Once an eagle landed on a fleeing observations involved attacks by single eagles on adults
pronghorn, the pronghorn fell or continued to run ap- and fawns from the previous spring when they approach
parently trying to dislodge the bird. The longest time an adult body size. Bruns (1970) observed a similar trend
eagle rode a pronghorn was approximately 20 sec for an toward winter predation on adults by single eagles hunt-
estimated distance of 200 m. Eagles did not balance well ing herds of pronghorns. Tandem hunting has been re-
on fleeing pronghorns and all attacks ended when the ported in breeding areas (Collopy 1983), but this behav-
eagle and pronghorn fell to the ground. Prior to hitting ior is apparently rare in winter (Tjernberg 1986). Collopy
the ground, the eagle folded its wings and after the fall, (1983) reported two golden eagles preying on black-
it remained standing on the ground for approximately tailed jackrabbits {Lepus californicus) and smaller mam-
30 sec before attacking again. During each encounterwe mals. Hatch (1968) observed a pair ofgolden eagles suc-
observed, the eagle attacked the same pronghorn from cessfully killing a red fox (Vulpesfulvd). In both reports,
one to four times and, of the three pronghorns killed, one eagle either flushed the prey or diverted its attention
one, two, and three attacks were involved before the while the second eagle attacked. Thompson (1949) ob-
pronghorn was killed. Kills we witnessed involved one fe- served two golden eagles simultaneously chasing two sep-
male and one male fawn (estimated age 8—9 mo) and arate pronghorn herds but the size and relative conspic-
one male (estimated age 20-21 mo). Pronghorns that uousness of pronghorns may eliminate the need for tan-
escaped did so by running back to the fleeing herd. We dem hunting of this species.
do not know the fate ofthese animals, butwe did observe Bruns (1970) reported an eagle attacking two different
otherwise healthy looking pronghorns with dried blood pronghorns before successfully killing a female fawn. Ea-
on their backs. gles we observed attacking pronghorns directed their at-
Eagles began feeding on pronghorns after they fell. tention to a single animal and actually rode on their vic-
Two pronghorns appeared paralyzed, possibly from spi- tims for as long as 20 sec. Bruns (1970) observed an eagle
nal injuries, but remained alive for at least 10 min after riding a pronghorn for nearly 5 min.
eagles began feeding. Eagles always began feeding dor- We observed a 50% success rate for golden eagles prey-
sally on the carcass at the point where their talons had ing on pronghorns in winter. This estimate is higher than
punctured the skin. Kills were quickly detected by other the 23-30.5% success rate reported by Collopy (1983) for
golden eagles and coyotes. On one occasion, a second eagles hunting small mammals in Idaho, and the 21%
eagle arrived within 8 min after a kill was made and, after success rate for golden eagles hunting small animals in
27 min, five golden eagles were feeding on the kill. We Sweden (Tjernberg 1986). Small mammals may be better
observed coyotes approaching golden eagles feeding on able to find cover for their escape. Pronghorns are more
dead pronghorns, but eagles did not attack coyotes, nor conspicuous than small mammals and they live in open
did coyotes displace eagles from the carcasses. habitats where opportunity to use cover for escape is lim-
We observed a fawn attacked by an eagle inJuly 1985. ited.
In this instance, approximately 10 pronghorns were run- Pronghorns seem to recognize eagle hunting behavior
ning in front of our vehicle when a fawn (<1 mo. old, and bunch tightly togetherwhen they flee from attacking
estimated weight 4 to 5 kg) in the rear of the group was eagles (Bruns 1970). Eagles we observed elicited this re-
attacked by a pursuing golden eagle. The eagle grasped sponse by either vocalizing while circling immediately
the fawn in the back, lifted it approximately 10 m verti- above pronghorns, or by flying close to the ground di-
cally then released its grip dropping the fawn. It rose, rectly at herds. This behavior isolates an animal from the
began to run with an awkward gait and the eagle initiated group that then becomes the focus of ensuing attack
a second stoop, but appeared to shy from our vehicle.
—
The fawn ran out of sight, and the eagle flew in the op- Resumen. Estudiamos a Antilocapra americana en la gran
posite direction. cuenca divisora de Wyoming, en un periodo de 57 meses,
During winter, pronghorns became concentrated in entre 1980 y 1985. Durante este tiempo, registramos siete
our study area which may, in part, explain why we ob- ataques de Aquila chrysaetos sobre A. americana. Seis
served more eagle predation in winter than in summer. ataques en invierno involucraron un macho adulto, uno
Based on our field observations ofjackrabbit, cottontail del afio, una hembra adulta y tres cervatillos. En verano
rabbits and sage grouse, these prey appeared to be avail- solo se observe un ataque sobre un cervatillo. En invier-
able. Thus, we doubt that eagles were attacking prong- no, las aguilas mataron el 50% de las veces que atacaron,
horns because alternate preywas unavailable. More likely, matando un macho y una hembra (ocho a nueve meses
they were related to the winter conditions which made de edad) y un macho de 20 a 21 meses de edad. El
September 1996 Short Communications 159
ataque realizado en verano sobre el cervatillo, no fue exi- pronghorn antelope in western Utah. Proc. Pronghorn
toso, posiblemente debido a nuestra presencia. En in- Antelope Workshop 8:445—448.
vierno, las aguilas atacaron a A. americana desde la parte AND A.D. Smith. 1973. Mortality of pronghorn
posterior de grupos que huian, aterrizaban sobre sus es- antelope fawns in western Utah. f. Wildl. Manage. 37:
paldas, derrivaban el grupo o liberaban sus garras antes 343-352.
que A. americana cayera. El mayor tiempo de persecusion Bodie, W.L. 1978. Pronghorn fawn mortality in the up-
fue de 20 segundos. Cuando A. americana, se sentia per Pahsimeroi River drainage in central Idaho. Proc.
amenazada por A. chrysaetos, corrian asociados en reba- Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 8:417—428.
Bruns, E.H. 1970. Winter predation of golden eagles
nos, una conducta que difiere de respuestas de escape
and coyotes on pronghorn antelope. Can. Field-Nat.
suscitadas por otro tipo de peligros. Sugerimos que esta
84:301-304.
respuesta conductual unica de A. americana puede indi-
COLLOPY, M.W. 1983. Foraging behavior and success of
car una interaccion historica depredador-presa.
eagles. Auk 100:747-749.
[Traduccion de Ivan Lazo]
Goodwin, G.A. 1978. Golden eagle predation on prong-
horn antelope. Auk 94:789—790.
Acknowledgments
Hatch, D.R.M. 1968. Golden eagle hunting tactics. Blue
We thank C.E. Braun, A.R. Harmata, P.L. Kennedy, Jay 26:78-80.
L.C. McEwen, S.K Skagen, KJ. Sejkora, RA. Ryder and Lehti, R.W. 1947. The golden eagle attacking antelope.
two anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism ofthis /. Wildl Manage. 11:348-349.
manuscript. Funding was supplied by Minerals Explora- Thompson, W.K 1949. Predation on antelope. Wildl.
J.
tion Company of Rawlins, Wyoming and U.S. Bureau of Manage. 13:313-314.
Land Management and the Wyoming Game and Fish De- Tjernberg, M. 1986. Hunting behavior, prey selection
partment. and strike success ofwintering golden eagles in south
Sweden. VarFagelvdrld
Literature Cited
U.S. Dept, of Interior. 1978. Seven Lakes grazing en-
vironmental impact statement. U.S. Bureau of Land
Autenrieth, R.E. 1980. Vulnerability of pronghorn
Management, Washington, DC U.S.A.
fawns to predation. Proc. Pronghorn Antelope Workshop Von Gunten, B.L. 1978. Pronghorn fawn mortality on
9:77-79.
the National Bison Range. Proc. Pronghorn Antelope
Barrett, M.W. 1978. Pronghorn fawn mortality in Al-
Workshop 8:394—416.
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Beale, D.M. 1978. Birth rate and fawn mortality among Received 8 December 1995; accepted 26 April 1996
