Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications

353 Pages·2018·24.727 MB·English

by  Dykman, Lev Abramovich, Khlebtsov, Nikolai

Gold Nanoparticles in
Biomedical Applications
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Gold Nanoparticles in
Biomedical Applications
Lev Dykman
Nikolai Khlebtsov
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Dykman, L. A. (Lev Abramovich), author. | Khlebtsov, Nikolai G., author.
Title: Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications / Lev A. Dykman and
Nikolai Khlebtsov.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017035815| ISBN 9781138560741 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780203711507 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Metal Nanoparticles | Gold--therapeutic use | Biomedical
Engineering--methods
Classification: LCC R856 | NLM QT 36.5 | DDC 610.28--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035815
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................................ix
Authors .............................................................................................. xiii
Introduction ........................................................................................xv
1 Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles
1.1 Chemical Wet Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles ...............................................1
1.2 Basic Physical Principles .......................................................................................3
1.3 Surface-Chemical and Quantum-Size Effects ..................................................6
1.4 Plasmon Resonances .............................................................................................9
1.5 Metal Spheres ........................................................................................................11
1.6 Metal Nanorods ...................................................................................................13
1.6.1 Extinction and Scattering Spectra .....................................................13
1.6.2 Depolarized Light Scattering ..............................................................15
1.6.3 Multipole Plasmon Resonances..........................................................18
1.7 Coupled Plasmons ...............................................................................................21
1.7.1 Metal Bispheres .....................................................................................22
1.7.2 Linear Chains and Square Lattices ...................................................24
1.7.3 Universal Plasmon Ruler ....................................................................28
1.7.4 Monolayers of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoshells .....................29
1.8 Concluding Remarks ...........................................................................................33
References .........................................................................................................................33
2 Gold Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine
2.1 Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles ........................................................43
2.2 GNPs in Diagnostics ...........................................................................................45
2.2.1 Methods for Visualization and Bioimaging ....................................45
2.2.2 Analytical Diagnostic Methods ........................................................48
2.2.2.1 Homophase Techniques ...................................................48
2.2.2.2 Dot Blot Immunoassay ......................................................51
2.2.2.3 Immunochromatographic Assays...................................54
2.2.2.4 Plasmonic Biosensors ........................................................56
v
vi Contents
2.3 GNPs in Therapy ..................................................................................................59
2.3.1 Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy .....................................................59
2.3.2 Photodynamic Therapy with the Use of GNPs ................................63
2.3.3 GNPs as a Therapeutic Agent ............................................................64
2.4 GNPs as Drug Carriers .......................................................................................65
2.4.1 Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs ............................................65
2.4.2 Delivery of other Substances and Genes ..........................................68
2.5 Concluding Remarks ..........................................................................................69
References .........................................................................................................................71
3 Biodistribution and Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles
3.1 An Integrated Approach to Biodistribution and Nanotoxicology
Experiments .........................................................................................................111
3.2 Biodistribution of GNPs ....................................................................................115
3.2.1 Summary of the Published Data for the Period 1995 to 2016. .......115
3.2.2 Particles, Models, and Methods ........................................................121
3.2.3 Dependence of Biodistribution on the Size of GNPs
and on the Method of Their Administration .................................122
3.2.3.1 Early Studies: The Role of Kupffer Cells .......................122
3.2.3.2 Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal Administrations .......123
3.2.3.3 IV Administration of GNPs ...........................................124
3.2.3.4 Penetration of GNPs through the BBB .........................127
3.2.4 Dependence of Biodistribution on the Functionalization
of the GNP Surface .............................................................................128
3.2.5 Biodistribution of Other Types of Nanoparticles ...........................131
3.3 Toxicology Studies .............................................................................................134
3.3.1 Preliminary Remarks .........................................................................134
3.3.2 Cytotoxicity In Vitro ..........................................................................135
3.3.2.1 Effects of Particle Size, Shape, Concentration,
and Surface Modification ................................................135
3.3.2.2 Biological Mechanisms of Toxicity ................................146
3.3.3 Cytotoxicity In Vivo ...........................................................................149
3.4 Concluding Remarks ..........................................................................................151
References .......................................................................................................................154
4 Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles into Mammalian Cells
4.1 Preliminary Remarks .........................................................................................171
4.2 Dependence of Intracellular Uptake on GNP Size and Shape ...................172
4.2.1 Effects of GNP Size .............................................................................172
4.2.2 Effects of GNP Shape .........................................................................180
4.3 Experimental Methods and Theoretical Models ...........................................181
4.4 Effect of GNP Functionalization on Intracellular Uptake ..........................189
4.4.1 Formation of a GNP–Protein Corona in a Biological
Environment .......................................................................................189
4.4.2 Intracellular Uptake of PEGylated GNPs .......................................192
Contents vii
4.4.3 Uptake of GNPs Functionalized with Synthetic Polymers
and Proteins.........................................................................................197
4.4.4 Uptake of GNPs Conjugated with Antibodies ..............................203
4.5 Use of Penetrating Peptides for the Delivery of GNPs into Cells .............205
4.6 Intracellular Uptake of Oligonucleotide-Coated GNPs .............................209
4.7 Selective Internalization of Engineered GNPs into Cancer Cells ..............210
4.8 Concluding Remarks .........................................................................................213
References .......................................................................................................................216
5 Immunological Properties of Gold Nanoparticles
5.1 Interaction of Gold Nanoparticles with Immune Cells...............................241
5.2 Production of Antibodies by Using GNPs ....................................................249
5.3 Adjuvant Properties of GNPs ..........................................................................255
5.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................259
References ......................................................................................................................260
6 Multifunctional Gold-Based Composites for Theranostics
6.1 Preliminary Remarks .......................................................................................279
6.2 Composite GNPs................................................................................................281
6.3 Multifunctionalized GNPs ..............................................................................288
6.4 Multifunctionalized Composite GNPs and Au NCls .................................296
6.5 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................305
References ......................................................................................................................307
Index ..................................................................................................325
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Preface
The first mentions of colloidal gold go back to the fith and fourth centuries BC in tracts
by Chinese, Arabic, and Indian researchers, but the scientific history of gold particles is
much younger and begins with the seminal works by Faraday (1857), Zsigmondy (1898),
and Mie (1908). In spite of such a long story, the first usage of present-day “gold nanopar-
ticles” wording appeared in two titles of scientific articles only in 1992 and two years
ater in a seminal article by M. Brust and coworkers (Chem. Comm. 1994). It comes as
no surprise if one remembers that the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative started
in 2000. Since the first usages in 1992–1994, the term “gold nanoparticles” can be found
now in several million Internet documents (Google, 6,100,000)
In the past two decades, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and gold-based nanocomposites
have attracted strong interest from the scientific community owing to significant prog-
ress made in the following three directions. The first one is the development of robust
fabrication technologies based on wet chemical and template synthesis and on top–down
nanolithographic approaches. Top–down electron beam lithography technologies allow
precise control over nanoparticle (NP) size/shape/assembly, but they are expensive and
time-consuming and not scalable for practical needs. By current wet chemical meth-
ods, GNPs can be fabricated by fine tuning the particle size, shape, structure, hetero-
geneous composition, and plasmonic properties from green to near-infrared light. The
fabrication progress has been accomplished by the development of new characterization
methods based on time-resolved laser technologies in addition to traditional methods of
optical spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and common electron microscopy. One of
the most powerful evolved techniques is the electron three-dimensional tomography with
atomic-scale resolution.
Second, classical electromagnetic theory, when combined with properly modified
dielectric functions, provides a reliable optical description of plasmonic particles and
assemblies. Twenty-five years ago, the classical theories by Mie, Rayleigh, and Gans were
the most useful analytical solutions for small plasmonic spheres and ellipsoids. During
the past two decades, significant progress in theoretical modeling has been achieved due
to a combination of numerical electrodynamic methods with state-of-the-art computer
capabilities based on parallel multiprocessor computations. Furthermore, new concepts
have been developed to combine classical scattering and antenna theories with quan-
tum mechanical models. These new theoretical tools do not suffer from geometrical
ix