Goat Medicine and Surgery

393 Pages·2017·306.37 MB·English

by  David Harwood

Goat Medicine and
Surgery

Goat Medicine and
Surgery
DAVID HARWOOD BVETMED FRCVS
Chairman Goat Veterinary Society
Honorary Veterinary Surgeon, British Goat Society
Visiting Reader in Veterinary Field Pathology, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey
Guildford, UK
Formerly Veterinary Investigation Officer, Animal and Plant Health Agency, UK
KARIN MUELLER MVSC DCHP DIPECBHM MRCVS
RCVS and European Diplomate & Specialist in Cattle/Bovine Health
Senior Lecturer Animal Husbandry & Reproduction
Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool
Liverpool, UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Harwood, David, BVM, author. | Mueller, Karin, author.
Title: Goat medicine and surgery / David Harwood and Karin Mueller.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017034019 (print) | LCCN 2017035549 (ebook) | ISBN
9781315152233 (Master eBook) | ISBN 9781498748636 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Goats--Diseases. | MESH: Goat Diseases
Classification: LCC SF968 (ebook) | LCC SF968 .H27 2018 (print) | NLM SF 968
| DDC 636.3/90896--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034019
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CONTENTS
v
Preface xix
Abbreviations xxi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
EVOLUTION 1
GOAT BREEDS AND THEIR PURPOSES 3
GENOMICS 3
BEHAVIOUR 4
NUTRITION 7
ENVIRONMENT 11
Housing 11
Fencing 12
Tethering 12
HANDLING 12
PHYSIOLOGY AND BODY FEATURES 13
Lactation 13
Horns 13
Coat 13
Wattles 14
Weight 14
Longevity 14
HISTORY TAKING AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION 14
Farm related history of interest 14
For the individual animal, history of interest 14
Basic clinical examination 14
ADMINISTERING MEDICATION 15
Oral administration 15
Subcutaneous injection 16
Intramuscular injection 16
Intravenous injection and catheterisation 17
Intraperitoneal injection 18
Subconjunctival injection 18
ROUTINE PROCEDURES AND HEALTH PLANNING 18
BIOSECURITY 18
LEGISLATION 20
vi Contents
CHAPTER 2 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 21
THE DOE 21
NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 21
FERTILITY 21
FECUNDITY 22
OESTROUS CYCLE AND SIGNS OF OESTRUS 22
CONTROL OF OESTRUS 23
Out-of-season breeding 23
Synchronisation during the breeding season 23
OVARIAN DISORDERS 24
Anoestrus 24
Cystic ovarian disease 25
BREEDING 25
Natural service 25
Artificial insemination 26
Embryo transfer 27
Pregnancy diagnosis 28
Misalliance 28
UTERINE DISORDERS 28
Anatomical abnormalities – congenital 28
Anatomical abnormalities – acquired 29
Endometritis 30
Uterine neoplasia 31
HERD INFERTILITY PROBLEM 32
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 32
Caprine herpesvirus 1 32
EMBRYONIC LOSS AND ABORTION 33
ABORTION 34
Common infectious causes of abortion 35
Toxoplasmosis 35
Chlamydiosis (syns. enzootic abortion, ovine enzootic abortion) 36
Q fever 38
Brucellosis 39
Listeriosis 40
Less common infectious causes of abortion 41
Salmonellosis 41
Neosporosis 42
Tick-borne fever 42
Arbovirus infections 42
Campylobacter infection 42
Leptospirosis 43
Border disease virus/bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BDV/BVDV) 43
Caprine herpesvirus 43
Rift Valley fever 43
Maceration – non-specific 43
Contents vii
Non-infectious causes of abortion 43
Pharmacological products 43
Toxicity 44
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies 44
Malnutrition/pregnancy toxaemia 44
Habitual abortion in Angora goats 44
Mummification – non-specific 44
THE BUCK 45
NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 45
OUT-OF-SEASON BREEDING 45
Indications 45
Technique 45
EXAMINATION FOR BREEDING SOUNDNESS 45
Indications 45
Aetiology 46
History 47
Physical examination 47
Genital tract examination 47
Semen evaluation 47
TESTICULAR AND EPIDIDYMAL ABNORMALITIES 49
Testicular hypoplasia 49
Testicular degeneration or atrophy 49
Orchitis and epididymitis 50
Cryptorchism (syn. retained gonad) 51
ACCESSORY SEX GLAND DISORDERS 52
PENIS AND PREPUCE ABNORMALITIES 52
Penile deviation 52
Penile trauma 53
Phimosis and paraphimosis 54
Balanoposthitis 54
Neoplasia of the male reproductive tract 55
CASTRATION 56
VASECTOMY 57
TEMPORARY SUPPRESSION OF FERTILITY 59
OTHER MALE DISORDERS 59
Gynaecomastia 59
Venereal disease 59
CHAPTER 3 PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION 61
PREGNANCY 61
Pregnancy diagnosis 61
PREPARTUM PROBLEMS 63
Hypocalcaemia and pregnancy toxaemia 63
Mummification, maceration and fetal maldevelopment 63
Pseudopregnancy (syns. cloudburst, hydrometra) 63
viii Contents
Hydrops uteri 64
Vaginal and cervical prolapse 65
Rupture or herniation of the uterus 66
Induction of parturition 67
Ante-natal preparation 67
PARTURITION 67
Normal parturition 67
Dystocia 68
Failure of cervical dilation (syn. ringwomb) 70
Uterine torsion 71
Caesarean section 72
Fetotomy 75
POST-PARTURIENT PROBLEMS 77
Haemorrhage 77
Laceration of the cervix 77
Laceration of the vagina 78
Recto-vaginal fistula 78
Vaginal prolapse – post-parturient 79
Uterine rupture 79
Uterine prolapse 79
Retained fetal membranes 81
Metritis 82
Necrotic vaginitis 84
Bladder eversion or herniation 84
CHAPTER 4 NEONATOLOGY 85
INTRODUCTION 85
WEAK NEWBORN KIDS 85
Congenital abnormalities 85
Genetic abnormalities 85
Developmental insult abnormalities 85
Mineral shortfall abnormalities 86
Known heritable abnormalities 86
RESPIRATION 86
Normal adaptation 86
Asphyxia 86
CARDIAC FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION 88
Normal adaptation 88
Absent heartbeat 88
Cardiovascular defects 88
THERMOREGULATION 89
Normal adaptation 89
Hypothermia 89
Contents ix
IMMUNE SYSTEM 90
Normal adaptation 90
Failure of passive transfer 91
Neonatal septicaemia (syn. sepsis) 93
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 95
Normal adaptation 95
Hypoglycaemia 95
Meconium retention 96
Atresia ani, recti or coli 96
Cleft palate (syn. palatoschisis) 97
URINARY FUNCTION 97
Normal adaptation 97
Urine retention 97
MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION 98
Normal adaptation 98
Contracted tendons 98
Flexor tendon laxity 99
Arthrogryposis 99
White muscle disease 100
METABOLIC DISORDERS 100
Neonatal acidosis 100
Floppy-kid syndrome 100
Beta-mannosidosis 101
Iodine deficiency (congenital hyperplastic goitre) 101
NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION 101
Normal adaptation 101
Congenital central nervous system abnormalities 102
Congenital swayback 102
MISCELLANEOUS 102
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome 102
Prematurity 103
Low birth weights 103
Sticky kid disease 104
ARTIFICIAL REARING 104
Fostering 104
Supplementing 104
Routine artificial rearing 105
CHAPTER 5 DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ABDOMEN 109
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 109
Oral and dental examination 109
Abdominal examination 109
Ancillary diagnostics 111