Glycoscience and Microbial Adhesion

194 Pages·2009·2.84 MB·English

by  A. K. Horst

288
Topics in Current Chemistry
Editorial Board:
V. Balzani · A. de Meijere · K.N. Houk · H. Kessler
J.-M. Lehn · S. V. Ley · S. Schreiber · J. Thiem
B. M. Trost · P. Vogel · F. Vögtle · H. Yamamoto
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Glycoscience and Microbial
Adhesion
Volume Editors:
Thisbe K. Lindhorst · Stefan Oscarson
With Contributions by
J. Bouckaert · A.P. Davies · J. Hacker · L.G. Harris
A.K. Horst · A.S. Khan · S.D. Knight · J.K.M. Knobloch
M. Lahmann · D. Mack · T.A. Oelschlaeger · K. Ohlsen
H. Rohde · S. Teneberg · M. Virji · C. Wagener
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Topics in Current Chemistry ISSN 1436-5049 e-ISSN 1436-5049
ISBN 978-3-642-01303-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-01304-1
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Professor Dr. Thisbe K. Lindhorst Professor Stefan Oscarson
Otto-Diels-Institute Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
of Organic Chemistry UCD School of Chemistry and
Otto-Hahn-Platz 3/4 Chemical Biology
24098 Kiel, Germany University College Dublin
[email protected] Belfield
Dublin 4, Ireland
[email protected]
Editorial Board
Prof. Vincenzo Balzani Professor Jean-Marie Lehn
Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” ISIS
University of Bologna 8, allée Gaspard Monge
via Selmi 2 BP 70028
I-40126 Bologna, Italy 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
[email protected] [email protected]
Professor Dr. Armin de Meijere Professor Dr. Steven V. Ley
Institut für Organische Chemie University Chemical Laboratory
der Georg-August-Universität Lensfield Road
Tammanstr. 2 Cambridge CB2 1EW
37077 Göttingen, Germany Great Britain
[email protected] [email protected]
Professor Dr. Kendall N. Houk Professor Stuart Schreiber
University of California Chemical Laboratories
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Harvard University
405 Hilgard Avenue 12 Oxford Street
Los Angeles, CA 90024-1589 Cambridge, MA 02138-2902
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Professor Dr. Horst Kessler Professor Dr. Joachim Thiem
Institut für Organische Chemie Institut für Organische Chemie
TU München Universität Hamburg
Lichtenbergstraße 4 Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6
86747 Garching, Germany 20146 Hamburg, Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
vi Editorial Board
Professor Barry M. Trost Professor Dr. Hisashi Yamamoto
Department of Chemistry Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished
Stanford University Professor
Stanford, CA 94305-5080 Department of Chemistry
USA The University of Chicago
[email protected] 5735 South Ellis Avenue
Chicago, IL 60637
Professor Pierre Vogel
773-702-5059
USA
Laboratory of Glycochemistry
[email protected]
and Asymmetric Synthesis
EPFL – Ecole polytechnique féderale
de Lausanne
EPFL SB ISIC LGSA
BCH 5307 (Bat.BCH)
1015 Lausanne, Swiss
[email protected]
Professor Dr. F. Vögtle
Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie
und Biochemie
der Universität Bonn
Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1
53121 Bonn, Germany
[email protected]
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vii
Preface

In the post-genomic era, the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates have been
r ecognized as among the most important research areas within the life sciences. It has
been understood that glycosylation of primary gene products is regularly a basic
fundamental of their biochemical features and that the glyco environment on eukary-
otic cell surfaces, the so-called glycocalyx, is of utmost importance for prosperity and
adversity of cell development and cell communication. As any molecular contact with
a cell primarily concerns its nano-dimensioned sugar coat, glycobiological research
has to be concerned with the mechanisms of such interactions as well as the conse-
quences for cell biology. Wherever cells are in contact with the outside environment,
as for example in the case of epithelial cells, their sugar decoration is utilized by
microbes to adhere to and colonize the cell surface sometimes, eventually to form
stable biofilms, which can be most detrimental to the host cell. This microbial adhe-
sion process is mediated by a well orchestrated assembly of molecular interactions,
among which carbohydrate-specific adhesion plays a decisive role.
This issue is dedicated to the role of carbohydrates in microbial adhesion proc-
esses and the research engendered within the glycosciences into this important bio-
medicinal matter. An interdisciplinary roundup of seven contributions has been
combined to highlight glycoscience and to give an ample overview of the state-of-
the-art of microbial adhesion research.
The field is introduced in the first chapter, which points out the complexity of the
adhesion process involving multiple adhesins on a single microbe and their respective
target receptors on host cells, and discusses the possibility of controlling bacterial
infections via preventing the adhesion or invasion stages of microbial pathogenesis.
The latter issue touches on a vision of an anti-adhesive therapy, which in our opinion
receives some validation on the basis of the contributions collected herein.
The second chapter is a comprehensive summary of the polyvalent molecular
architectures which have been conceived and synthesized in order to interfere in
microbial adhesion processes on cell surfaces, an event where multivalent interac-
tions most often are a prerequisite. Molecular constructs as described in this section
can serve to investigate and manipulate fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion, as in
the case of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion, which is explored in
all structure-biological details in the third chapter. In the following contributions in
Chapters 4 and 5, more implications and reflections about bacterial adhesins and
ix
x Preface
bacterial carbohydrate recognition are conveyed, covering Gram-positive as well as
Gram-negative bacteria, in Chapter 4 Streptococci and Staphylococci, and in
Chapter 5, carbohydrate binding specificities of Helicobacter pylori.
In Chapter 6, “Bitter sweetness of complexity,” the collected reflections on micro-
bial adhesion are expanded by a perspective on a broader impact of glycosylation on
cellular adhesion, motility and regulatory processes, paralleling the complexity of
N-glycan structures on cell surfaces. It highlights particularly how structural details
of N-glycans have been causally related to pathological scenarios, with a focus on
β(1,6)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase.
In the final chapter, biofilm formation is reviewed, covering knowledge about
structure and biosynthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesins (PIAs) which are
central to biofilm formation. This comprehensive chapter explains all PIA-related
principles of medical device-associated infections.
It is our hope, that this collection of expert articles, ranging from structural chem-
istry and structural biology to biochemistry and medicine, will be a stimulation and
motivation for our colleagues in the life sciences. At the same time, we hope that
these reflections on microbial adhesion will awake interest in and promote under-
standing of the complex processes associated with the glycocalyx and the multifac-
eted interactions between the host cell and its “guest,” as well as the biological
consequences resulting from this mutual interplay.
Spring 2009, Kiel and Dublin Thisbe Lindhorst and Stefan Oscarson