Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease

626 Pages·2009·0.41 MB·English

by  Roberta Masella

GLUTATHIONE AND
SULFUR AMINO ACIDS
IN HUMAN HEALTH
AND DISEASE
Editedby
ROBERTA MASELLA
GIUSEPPE MAZZA

GLUTATHIONE AND
SULFUR AMINO ACIDS
IN HUMAN HEALTH
AND DISEASE

GLUTATHIONE AND
SULFUR AMINO ACIDS
IN HUMAN HEALTH
AND DISEASE
Editedby
ROBERTA MASELLA
GIUSEPPE MAZZA
Copyright#2009byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor
byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted
underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten
permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe
CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax(978)
750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe
addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,
[phone],fax[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin
preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompleteness
ofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitness
foraparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensales
materials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould
consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanyloss
ofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,
orotherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour
CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat
[phone]orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinvarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay
notbeavailableinelectronicformat.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat
www.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Masella,Roberta.
Glutathioneandsulfuraminoacidsinhumanhealthanddisease/RobertaMasella,GiuseppeMazza.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-17085-4(cloth)
1. Glutathione. 2. Sulfuraminoacids. I. Mazza,Giuseppe. II. Title.
QP552.G58M372009
612.3098—dc22
2009011739
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
CONTRIBUTORS xix
I INTRODUCTION 1
1 GLUTATHIONEANDTHESULFUR-CONTAINING
AMINOACIDS:ANOVERVIEW 3
JohnT.BrosnanandMargaretE.Brosnan
1.1 Introduction / 3
1.2 WhySulfur-ContainingAminoAcids? / 4
1.3 S-Adenosylmethionine,Nature’sWonderCofactor / 7
1.4 Glutathione / 10
1.5 Taurine—theSecondEssentialSulfur-ContainingAminoAcid? / 13
1.6 Conclusions / 15
Acknowledgments / 15
References / 15
II CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF GSH AND
SULFUR AMINO ACIDS 19
2 SULFURAMINOACIDSCONTENTSOFDIETARYPROTEINS:
DAILYINTAKEANDREQUIREMENTS 21
Ce´cileBos,Jean-Franc¸oisHuneau,andClaireGaudichon
2.1 Introduction / 21
2.2 SulfurAminoAcids(SAA)ContentofDietaryProtein / 21
2.3 SulfurAminoAcidIntake / 24
v
vi CONTENTS
2.4 NutritionalRequirementforTotalSulfurAminoAcids / 24
2.5 Conclusions / 29
References / 30
3 CELLULARCOMPARTMENTALIZATIONOF
GLUTATHIONE 35
FedericoV.Pallardo´,JelenaMarkovic,andJose´ Vin˜a
3.1 Introduction / 35
3.2 GlutathioneContentinCells / 36
References / 42
4 INTESTINALMETABOLISMOFSULFURAMINOACIDS 47
NancyBenight,DouglasG.Burrin,andBarbaraStoll
4.1 Introduction / 47
4.2 IsotopicApproachestoStudyMetabolism / 49
4.3 EvidenceofGutSulfurAminoAcidMetabolism / 50
4.4 OtherKeyPlayersinIntestinalSulfurAminoAcid
Metabolism / 53
4.5 CysteineinRedoxFunctionandOxidantStress
intheGut / 58
4.6 PathophysiologyofSulfurAminoAcidMetabolism
intheGIT / 59
4.7 Conclusions / 64
References / 65
5 HEPATICSULFURAMINOACIDMETABOLISM 73
KevinL.Schalinske
5.1 Introduction / 73
5.2 DietaryRelationbetweenMethionineandCysteine / 73
5.3 MetabolicRelationbetweenHepaticSulfurAminoAcids,
BVitamins,andMethylGroupMetabolism / 75
5.4 RegulationofSulfurAminoAcidMetabolismandRelated
MetabolicPathwaysintheLiver / 77
5.5 ImpactofPhysiologicandNutritionalFactorsonSulfur
AminoAcidMetabolism / 81
5.6 Conclusions / 84
References / 84
CONTENTS vii
III ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION
ACTIVITIES 91
6 GLUTATHIONEANDSULFURCONTAINING
AMINOACIDS:ANTIOXIDANTAND
CONJUGATIONACTIVITIES 93
Nils-ErikHuseby,ElisabethSundkvist,andGunbjørgSvineng
6.1 Introduction / 93
6.2 ReactiveOxygenSpeciesandAntioxidants / 94
6.3 GlutathioneRedoxCycle / 98
6.4 RegulationofGSHandCysteineLevels / 102
6.5 Biotransformation / 106
6.6 ROS-MediatedCellularSignaling / 109
6.7 TranscriptionRegulationofAntioxidantand
ConjugationEnzymes / 110
6.8 OxidativeStressandDiseases / 111
References / 113
7 GLUTAREDOXINANDTHIOREDOXINENZYMESYSTEMS:
CATALYTICMECHANISMSANDPHYSIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS 121
ElizabethA.SabensandJohnJ.Mieyal
7.1 Introduction / 121
7.2 GeneralCharacteristicsofGlutaredoxins / 124
7.3 GeneralCharacteristicsofThioredoxins / 126
7.4 GlutaredoxinMechanismofAction / 128
7.5 ThioredoxinMechanismofAction / 132
7.6 ControlofGrxExpression / 133
7.7 ControlofTrxExpressioninMammalian
Systems / 134
7.8 CellularFunctionsofGrx / 135
7.9 CellularFunctionsofTrx / 139
7.10 ReversibleSulfhydrylOxidationand
Disease / 142
7.11 Conclusions / 145
References / 146
viii CONTENTS
8 METHIONINESULFOXIDEREDUCTASES:APROTECTIVE
SYSTEMAGAINSTOXIDATIVEDAMAGE 157
HerbertWeissbachandNathanBrot
8.1 Introduction / 157
8.2 HistoryoftheMsrSystem / 158
8.3 MsrAandMsrBProteinStructureandMechanismofAction / 160
8.4 MsrReducingRequirement / 162
8.5 OtherMembersoftheMsrFamily / 165
8.6 TheMsrSystem:BothaRepairEnzymeanda
ScavengerofROS / 166
8.7 GeneticStudiesontheRoleoftheMsrSysteminProtecting
CellsAgainstOxidativeDamage / 167
8.8 EvidencethatOxidativeDamageisaMajorFactorinAging:
RoleofMitochondriaandtheMsrSystem / 170
8.9 HowcantheMsrSystembeUtilizedforDrugDevelopment? / 174
8.10 MethionineSulfoxideandDisease / 176
Acknowledgment / 180
References / 181
IV BIOACTIVITY OF GSH AND SULFUR AMINO
ACIDS AS REGULATORS OF CELLULAR
PROCESSES 189
9 REGULATIONOFPROTEINFUNCTIONBY
GLUTATHIONYLATION 191
PietroGhezziandPaoloDiSimplicio
9.1 Introduction / 191
9.2 GlutathioneandRedoxRegulationinImmunity / 192
9.3 ProteinCysteineOxidation / 193
9.4 MechanismsforPSSGFormationandtheComplex
ScenarioofProteinGlutathionylation / 196
9.5 Deglutathionylation / 199
9.6 IdentificationofProteinsUndergoing
Glutathionylation / 200
9.7 FunctionalConsequencesofProteinGlutathionylation / 202
9.8 StructuralChangesInducedbyProteinGlutathionylation / 203
9.9 Conclusions / 203
References / 203