Glutamine: Metabolism, Enzymology, and Regulation

336 Pages·1980·7.109 MB·English

by  Jaime Mora (Eds.)

Glutaminę: Metabolism, Enzymology,
and Regulation
Edited by
Jaime Mora
Rafael Palacios
Departamento de Biologia Molecular
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
Mexico, D. F. Mexico
1980
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Glutaminę: Metabolism,
Enzymology, and Regulation, Querétaro, Mexico, 1979.
Glutaminę—metabolism, enzymology, and regulation.
Proceedings of the symposium sponsored by the
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico held in La
Mansion Galindo, Querétaro, Mexico, Nov. 25-28, 1979.
1. Glutaminę metabolism—Congresses. I. Mora,
Jaime. II. Mexico (City). Universidad Nacional.
III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Glutaminę—Congresses.
2. Glutaminę—Metabolism—Congresses. QU 60 I607g
1979]
QP562.G55157 1979 612'.398 80-24655
ISBN 0-12-506040-8
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
80 81 82 83 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which authors' contributions begin.
Fernando Bastarrachea (107, 123), Departmento de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F.
Mexico
David M. Bedwell (79), Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Uni-
versity, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Lourdes Blanco (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Fredric Bloom (69), Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Francisco Bolivar (107, 123), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Insti-
tuto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F.
Mexico
Jean E. Brenchley (79), Department of Biological Science, Purdue Uni-
versity, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Susana Brom (107), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Me'xico
Doris Burton (95), Department of Bacteriology, University of California,
Davis, California 95616
Edmundo Calva (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Miguel Campomanes (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Insti-
tuto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autó-
noma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Ofelia Chavez (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
vii
VIII CONTRIBUTORS
P. Boon Chock (41), Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mary-
land 20205
Philip P. Cohen (315), Department of Physiological Chemistry, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Julio Collado (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de In-
vestigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Alejandra Covarrubias (107, 123), Departamento de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F.
Mexico
Robert A. Darrow (139), Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory, 150
East South College Street, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387
Guillermo Dávila (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
José Ma. de la Pena (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Susan M. Dendinger (79), Department of Biological Science, Purdue Uni-
versity, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Guadalupe Espin (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Alan J. Garber (259), Internal Medicine Department, Division of Endocri-
nology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,
Texas 77030
Emilio Garcia (95), Department of Bacteriology, University of California,
Davis, California 95616
Alicia Gonzalez (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Josefina Guzman (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Georgina Hernandez (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Insti-
tuto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F.
Mexico
Gisela Hummelt (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Hans Krebs (319), Metabolic Research Laboratory, University of Oxford,
Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
John M. Kuchta1 (79), Department of Biological Science, Purdue Univer-
sity, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Sidney Kustu (95), Department of Bacteriology, University of California,
Davis, California 95616
Miguel Lara (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de In-
vestigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Peter J. Lea (213), Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
Paul Linser (299), Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Cummings
Life Science Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Susana Lopez (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Edmundo Lozoya (123), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Linda McCarter (95), Department of Bacteriology, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, California 95616
Nancy McFarland (95), Department of Bacteriology, University of Cali-
fornia, Davis, California 95616
Boris Magasanik (61), Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Esperanza Martinez (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Paula Mayerson(299),Laboratory for DevelopmentalBiology, Cummings
Life Science Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Alton Meister (1), Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medi-
cal College, New York, New York 10021
Benjamin J. Miflin (213), Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experi-
mental Station, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
Jaime Mora (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de In-
vestigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Yolanda Mora (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Resent address: Department of Biology, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
15219.
x CONTRIBUTORS
Aron A. Moscona (299), Laboratory for Development Biology, Cum-
mings Life Science Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60637
Malka Moscona (299), Laboratory for Development Biology, Cummings
Life Science Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Umberto Mura2 (41), Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mary-
land 20205
Aurora Osorio (107), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Greg Pahel (69), Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Rafael Palacios (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Carmen Quinto (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Sue Goo Rhee (41), Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mary-
land 20205
David Romero (185), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de
Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
David M. Rothstein (61), Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Federico Sanchez (167), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
Ray Sánchez-Pescador (123), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Insti-
tuto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado postal 70228, Mexico 20, D. F.
Mexico
Earl R. Stadtman (41), Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland 20205
Ricardo Tapia (285), Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investi-
gaciones en Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico, Mexico 20, D. F. Mexico
2Present address: Laboratorio di Biochimica, Facoltá di Scienze Matematiche, Fishiche e
Naturali, Pisa, Italy.
CONTRIBUTORS xi
Bonnie Tyler (69), Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories,
Rahway, New Jersey
Roger M. Wallsgrove (213), Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Ex-
perimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
Herbert G. Windmueller (235), Laboratory of Nutrition and Endocrinol-
ogy, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Dis-
eases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
PREFACE
A book was published seven years ago, edited by Stanley Prusiner and
Earl R. Stadtman, that for the first time integrated the available informa-
tion about the enzymes that catalyze the formation and breakdown of
glutaminę. The benefits of this book were self-evident since the amino
acid glutaminę lies at the center of cellular nitrogen metabolism.
Since that time new developments in the regulation of nitrogen metabo-
lism in prokaryotes, eukaryotic microorganisms, plants, and higher ani-
mals have appeared, as a result of the effort of several laboratories, and
new roles for glutaminę in cellular metabolism have been established. The
aim of this book is to present significant contributions on the metabolism,
enzymology, and regulation of glutaminę, with a scope ranging from mi-
croorganisms to higher animals.
Contributions to this volume have been organized starting with an over-
view of glutaminę metabolism centered mainly in enzymatic studies on
glutaminę synthetase and covering also the enzymes that utilize glu-
taminę; this is followed by a model of cascade control of glutaminę syn-
thetase in Escherichia coli. Seven chapters are devoted to a highly con-
troversial topic: the mechanisms that control gene expression of
glutaminę synthetase and its relation to nitrogen metabolism in prokary-
otes, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Salmonella, and Rhyzobium. The
relationship between the structure and function of glutaminę synthetase
in eukaryotic microorganisms is presented in two chapters. For the first
time a contribution on nitrogen and glutaminę metabolism in plants is in-
cluded. Four chapters cover the latest information about the role of glu-
taminę in the animal body, including the production of glutaminę in mus-
cle, its utilization as an energy donor in intestine, its role as a precursor of
neurotransmitters, and as part of a mechanism to eliminate fenilacetic
acid. Also, a chapter is centered in the study of glutaminę synthetase gene
expression as a marker of cell differentiation in retina.
This book ends with a special lecture by Professor Sir Hans Krebs,
which, starting with his discovery of the synthesis of glutaminę in animal
tissues, gives an integral view of glutaminę metabolism and functions in
the animal body.
This symposium was one of the scientific events to commemorate the
fiftieth anniversary of the granting of the autonomy of the University of
xiii
XIV PREFACE
Mexico, and was held in Hacienda Galindo, Queretaro, Mexico, on No-
vember 25-28, 1979.
We want to express our gratitude to Dr. Philip P. Cohen and Dr. Alton
Meister for their advice and help in the organization of this symposium.
We want to acknowledge Dr. Edmundo Calva, Elena Palacios, and
Yolanda Mora for editorial assistance.
The camera ready copy set of this volume was made by the Dirección
General de Publicaciones of the University of Mexico.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The symposium "Glutaminę: Metabolism, Enzymology, and
Regulation" is one of the scientific events organized by the University of
Mexico to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of its autonomy.
The University of Mexico, the oldest in Continental America, was
founded 428 years ago according to the pattern of the University of
Salamanca. It developed high academic standards and served as a starting
point for launching the Universities of Havana, Guatemala, and Manila.
After difficult periods throughout the nineteenth century, our University
was redefined in 1910 to become the National University of Mexico.
Autonomy was granted in 1929 after a struggle between students and the
civil government. In 1945 a new law was enacted to establish the present
academic and administrative organization.
The size of our Institution, 280,000 students, 26,000 academic
personnel, and 18,000 administrative workers, astonishes everybody.
However, our Institution is more than a conventional type of university,
and has evolved into a rather complex university system. It includes
senior high school, which accounts for about one-half of the students,
located in 14 different sites in the city; we have six campuses in the
metropolitan area for college and postgraduate levels; and we also have
agencies in 15 states of the Republic.
The establishment of our research structure started in 1929 when four
existing institutions were incorporated into the University. These were:
the National Astronomical Observatory, the National Library, the
National Institute of Biology and the Directorate of Geological Studies,
which in time became the Institute of Astronomy, the Institute of
Bibliographic Research, the Institute of Biology, and the Institute of
Geology, respectively. Since that time, other research groups have
emerged; at present we are proud of our 21 institutes, 8 centers and 7
divisions of research. Institutes, created by the University Council, enjoy
a large degree of independence from the administration. The research
institutes are Astronomy, Biology, Physics, Geophysics, Geography,
Geology, Engineering, Anthropology, Bibliography, Biomédical
Sciences, Economics, Fine Arts, Philology, Philosophy, History, Law,
Applied Mathematics and Systems, Sociology, Mathematics, Materials
Research, and Chemistry. Research centers, created by the Rector, are
either in the process of evolving toward the status of an institute or else
XV