Table Of ContentC R C R E V I V A L S C R C R E V I V A L S
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ISBN 978-1-315-89319-8
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Glutamine and glutamate in mammals.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Glutamine--Metabolism. 2. Glutamic acid--
Metabolism. 3. Mammals--Physiology. I. Kvamme,
Elling, 1918-
QP562.G55G57 1988 599’ .019’245 87-21788
ISBN 0-8493-6856-1 (v. 1)
ISBN 0-8493-6857-X (v. 2)
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PREFACE
The present comprehensive volume, which is based on the joint effort of a great many
top scientists and covering most aspects of the metabolism and function of glutamine and
glutamate in mammals, is a result of what we felt was a specific demand. Thus, the majority
of previous books and review articles on glutamine and glutamate are confined to limited
areas (e.g., energy metabolism, nervous transmission, etc.) or organs (e.g., brain, kidney,
liver, etc.). This is not surprising in view of the vast amount of recent publications in each
field, but it contributes to some sort of compartmentalization - to use a popular word -
that creates barriers and subspecialization. The present volumes intend to act as a carrier
between the various compartments. Similar to biological carriers, this one must be selective,
since every discovery claimed to be done cannot be and does not deserve to be conveyed.
However, what should be included will always be a matter of different opinion. Anyway,
to communicate essential information from the many interrelated subfields appears to be
necessary, since quite a few recent publications reflect the lack of knowledge of relevant
findings in neighboring fields.
In addition to breaking down artificial barriers between subjects and fields, this volume
also serves another purpose, namely to transmit different views on controversial matters.
For that reason each author has been allowed to speak with his own voice and present his
personal opinion on problems under debate. The careful reader will therefore discover that
in spite of considerable overlapping in problems to be discussed, the flavor of the discussions
may be different. Furthermore, although the reader may feel that he knows what is worth
knowing about a subject after having read the relevant chapter, he may change his mind
following the study of other chapters touching upon the same subject. However, the present
volumes do not pretend to give the final answer to the many problems presented, but it
intends to give a cross-section of a process under continuous development, and I wish to
convey my sincere thanks to the authors who have all contributed to approach this goal.
Elling Kvamme
THE EDITOR
Dr. Elling Kvamme is professor of neurochemistry at the Oslo University and Head of
the Neurochemical Laboratory.
In 1947, Dr. Kvamme received an M.D. at the Oslo University. Thereafter, he studied
organic and physical chemistry, and in 1959 he received the scientific degree, Dr. med., at
the Oslo University. After 3 years of service at Dikemark Hospital, Asker, and a l-year
internship (internal medicine and surgery) at the Ullevil Hospital, Oslo, he received a
FulbrightlSmith Mundt Fellowship and worked as a Research Fellow at the Sloan-Kettering
Institute for Cancer Research in New York from 1952 to 1954, and at the Public Health
Research Institute of the City of New York, Department of Biochemistry, from 1954 to
1955. From 1955 to 1962, Dr. Kvamme was appointed Assistant Head of the Central
Laboratory, Ullevdl Hospital. Thereafter, he was appointed Head of the newly formed
Neurochemical Laboratory at the Oslo University Psychiatric Clinic and, in 1966, appointed
professor of Neurochemistry at the Oslo University. He is currently teaching neurochemistry
to medical students and organizing postgraduate courses.
In 1962, Dr. Kvamme spent 6 months as a Technical Assistant Expert at the National
Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, being appointed by the International Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna.
Dr. Kvamme has presented numerous papers at international meetings, as well as guest
lectures at various universities and institutes in Europe and the U.S. He has also taken an
active part in organizing many national and international meetings. Dr. Kvamme has served
as the President of the Norwegian Biochemical Society from 1976 to 1978, the Treasurer
of the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) from 1977 to 1981, the Chairman of
ISN from 1981 to 1983, and the Chairman of the Policy Advisory Committee of ISN from
1985 to 1987.
Dr. Kvamme's main interest includes the metabolism and function of amino acids, in
particular with regard to glutamine and glutamate. He has published a great number of
scientific articles in international journals, in addition to several review articles in handbooks
and scientific journals.
CONTRIBUTORS
Arthur J. L. Cooper Elling Kvamme
Associate Professor Professor
Departments of Neurology and Neurochemical Laboratory
Biochemistry University of Oslo
Cornell University Medical College Oslo, Norway
New York. New York
Chin-Tarng Lin
Ivan Couee
Department of Pathology
Department of Biochemistry
National Taiwan University
Trinity College
Taipei, Taiwan
Dublin, Ireland
C. M. Maillet
A. M. Pujaras Crane
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Immunology
University of Texas Health Science
Baylor College of Medicine
Center
Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas
Larry A. Denner
Department of Cell Biology
J. D. McGivan
Baylor College of Medicine
Department of Biochemistry
Houston, Texas
University of Bristol
Bristol, England
Alan J. Garber
Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, and
William J. Nicklas
Cell Biology
Professor
Baylor College of Medicine
Department of Neurology
and
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Chief
University of Medicine and Dentistry of
Diabetes Metabolism Unit
New Jersey
The Methodist Hospital
Piscataway, New Jersey
Houston, Texas
Dennis S. Parsons
Peter J. Hanson
Department of Physiology
Division of Biology, Molecular Sciences
Oxford University
University of Aston
Oxford, England
Birmingham, England
David P. Simpson
Nils-Erik Huseby
Professor
Department of Clinical Chemistry
Department of Medicine
Institute of Medical Biology
University of Wisconsin
University of Tromso
Madison, Wisconsin
Tromso, Norway
Bang Hwang Gerd Svenneby
Indiana University Neurochemical Laboratory
Terre Haute Center for Medical Education University of Oslo
Terre Haute, Indiana Oslo, Norway
J. Tyson Tildon Ingeborg Aasland Torgner
Professor Neurochemical Laboratory
Department of Pediatrics University of Oslo
Department of Biological Chemistry Oslo, Norway
University of Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland Jang-Yen Wu
Professor
Keith F. Tipton Department of Physiology
Department of Biochemistry Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Trinity College Pennsylvania State University
Dublin, Ireland Hershey, Pennsylvania
H. Ronald Zielke
Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
University of Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Chapter 1
Glutamate and Glutamine in Mammals: An Overview.. ..................................1
William J. Nicklas
ENZYMES IN GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMATE METABOLISM
Chapter 2
Glutamine Synthetase .................................................................... 7
Arthur J. L. Cooper
Chapter 3
Glutamine Aminotransferases and w-Amidases .......................................... 33
Arthur J. L. Cooper
Chapter 4
Glutaminases ............................................................................ 53
Elling Kvamme, Gerd Svenneby, and Ingeborg Aasland Torgner
Chapter 5
Transglutaminases ....................................................................... 69
Elling Kvamme
Chapter 6
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ............................................................... 81
Keith F. Tipton and Ivan Couee
Chapter 7
Glutamate Decarboxylase.. .............................................................1 01
Jang-Yen Wu, Larry A. Denner, Chin-Tarng Lin, and Bang Hwang
Chapter 8
(L-Glutamate-2-Oxoglutarate) Aminotransferases ...................................... .l23
Arthur J. L. Cooper
Chapter 9
y-Glutamyltransferase .................................................................. 153
Nils-Erik Huseby
EXTRANERVOUS METABOLISM OF GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMATE
Chapter 10
Glutamine: An Energy Source for Mammalian Tissues. ................................1 67
J. Tyson Tildon and H. Ronald Zielke
Chapter 11
Metabolism of Glutamine and Glutamate in Liver - Regulation and Physiological
Significance ...........................................................................1.8 3
J. D. McGivan
Chapter 12
Renal Glutamine Metabolism.. ........................................................ ,203
David P. Simpson
Chapter 13
Cyclic Nucleotide Regulation of Glutamine Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle.. ......... .221
C. M. Maillet, A. M. Pujaras Crane, and A. J. Garber
Chapter 14
Transport and Metabolism of Glutamine and Glutamate in the Small Intestine ......... 235
Peter J. Hanson and Dennis S. Parsons
INDEX.. .............................................................................. ,255
Volume I1
GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMATE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 15
Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter ......................................................... 3
Richard P. Shank and M. H. Aprison
Chapter 16
Uptake and Release of Glutamate and Glutamine in Neurons and Astrocytes in Primary
Cultures ................................................................................. 21
Arne Shousboe, JBrgen Drejer, and Leif Hertz
Chapter 17
Metabolism of Glutamate and Glutamine in Neurons and Astrocytes in Primary
Cultures .................................................................................3 9
Leif Hertz and Arne Shousboe
Chapter 18
Transmitter Glutamate in Mammalian Hippocampus and Striatum ...................... 57
Frode Fonnum
Chapter 19
Glutamine and its Neuroactive Derivatives in the Retina ................................ 71
Mary J. Voaden
Chapter 20
Exciting Amino Acid Receptors.. .....................................................8.9.
J~rgenD rejer and Tage Honore
PATHOLOGY OF GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMATE
Chapter 21
Glutamine, Glutamate, and GABA in Human Diseases ................................ 113
Thomas L. Perry
Chapter 22
Pathology of Glutamate Dehydrogenase ................................................ 127
Andreas Plaitakis and Soll Berl
Chapter 23
Excitatory Amino Acids in Epilepsy ................................................... 143
Henry F. Bradford and Dale W. Peterson
Chapter 24
Experimental and Clinical States of Hyperammonia: Alterations in Glutamate and
Glutamine .............................................................................. 165
Oliver W. Cass and Leslie Zieve
INDEX. ................................................................................ 177
