Table Of ContentGlobalizationa nd Politics
Promises and Dangers
JAN-ERIK LANE
University of Geneva, Switzerland
ASHGATE
© Jan-Erik Lane 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Jan-Erik Lane has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be
identified as the author of this work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Gower House Suite420
Croft Road IOI Cherry Street
Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405
Hampshire GUI 1 3HR USA
England
Ashgate website: http//www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Lane, Jan-Erik
Globalization and politics : promises and dangers
I.Globalization 2.World politics -21'1 century
3.Environmental policy 4.Environmental degradation
I.Title
327
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lane, Jan-Erik.
Globalization and politics : promises and dangers/ by Jan-Erik Lane.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7 546-4667-X
I. Globalization. I. Title.
JZI318.L358 2005
337.l--dc22
2005023136
ISBN O 7546 4667 X
Typeset by IML Typographers, Birkenhead, Merseyside
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
Contents
List of Tables, Figures and Appendices ix
Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction Globalization: Promises and Dangers 1
Globalization as One Walk of Life in the 21st Century 1
Globalization is more than Reciprocity and Occidentalism 2
Four Main Problems within Globalization 3
The Promises of Globalization 4
The Dangers of Globalization 7
The Anti-Globalization Movement 10
The Coordination Problems 11
Arrhenius, Warming and Hubbert: Key Early Globalization Theories 13
Conclusion 14
PARTI:CHALLENGES
1 The Optimistic and Pessimistic View on Global Energy 17
Introduction 17
Various Types of Energy 17
Total and Usable Energy 18
Renewable Sources of Energy 21
The Hydrogen Economy 22
Alternative Energy Sources 23
Minerals: Julian Simon's Principle 24
Distribution: The Alternative or Pessimistic Perspective 25
How Long will Earth's Resources Last? 26
Conclusion 28
2 Environmental Degradation and Environmentalism 31
Introduction 31
Pollution 32
Environmentalism 33
Pollution of the Air 34
Acid Rain 35
Pollution of the Sea 37
Pollution of the Forests 37
vi Globalization and Politics
Pollution of Water 37
Global Warming: The Greenhouse Effect 38
The Ozone Layer 39
Endangered Species 40
Organized Environmentalism 41
Rejecting the Wildavsky-Lomborg Thesis 42
Regional Environmental Coordination versus Global Environments 43
Conclusion 55
3 Implementing Human Rights and Global Rule of Law 57
Introduction 57
Rule of Law in a Global Context 58
Global or Regional Rule of Law? 58
Judicial Activism and People's Redress 60
Globalization and Judicialization: The ICJ and ICC , 62
Rights: A Simple Model of Negative, Positive and Group Rights 64
Global or Regional Enforcement? 66
Institutionalization: How to Fight the Crime Economy 67
Transnational Crime 68
Crime and Globalization 70
Creating a Global Crime Fighting Regime 71
Conclusion 75
4 Diversity of Civilizations 77
Introduction 77
Civilizations of the World: How Compact? 77
Attributes of Civilizations 79
Basic Correlates of Civilizational Variety 82
Will there be One Global Culture? 83
Globalization Reducing Nationalism 86
Globalization Softening Religious Creeds 88
Globalization Reinforcing Islamic Fundamentalism 89
Globalization Creating Worldwide Communities of Like-Minded 90
Globalization Increasing the Search for Cultural Identity 91
Democracy in Multicultural Societies - A Global Challenge 93
Conclusion 96
PART II: RESPONSES
5 Coordinationo f the Global Market Economy 101
Introduction 101
The Institutions of the Global Economy 101
The Bretton Woods Institutions 107
Which Structure of the Global Market Economy? 111
Conclusion 113
Contents vii
6 Protecting the Global Environment 115
Introduction 115
The Protection of the Whales: Does IWC Work? 116
Voluntary Environmental Coordination: Can it Really Work? 117
The UN Framework: Do Earth Summits Work? 118
The Market Option: The Kyoto Agreement 121
Repairing the Ozone Layer 122
Mega Environmental Disasters 123
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 125
Conclusion 126
7 Coordination Among States: From Sovereignty to Reciprocity 129
Introduction 129
Sovereignty: The Legal Concept 129
The Limits of Sovereignty: The Oceans and the Poles 132
Reasons of State and Hegemony 134
Bilateral Coordination: Transaction Costs Heavy 135
International Coordination 136
States in Coordination 138
Conclusion 144
8 Power in International Organization 147
Introduction 147
The Starting Point: Revising Wicksell' s Theory 148
The Voting Power Approach: The Calculus 149
The Power Index Approach: Alternative Interpretations 153
The Diversity of International and Regional Organizations 154
Conclusion 157
9 The Regionalization of Government: A Comparison of Regional
Groups of States 159
Introduction 159
Regional Groups of States 160
Logic of Regional Integration 162
Compactness: The Between and Within Group Variation 163
Regional Groups 168
Security First, Prosperity Later 179
Globalization and Regionalization 180
Conclusion 181
10 Mankind and the World Community: Relevance of Universalism 185
Introduction 185
The Philosophy of Humanity: Universalism 186
Global Social Capital: Towards One Open Society? 187
The Global Internet Community 192
The Philosophy of the Internet Society 194
Conclusion 195
viii Globalization and Politics
PART III: PROSPECTS
11 Could Mankind Extinguish Itself? 199
Introduction 199
Climate Change: Behemoth Catastrophes 200
Resilience and Precaution 202
Risk for Global Petrol Overuse? 203
Immense Global Pollution? 205
Overpopulation? 205
Sustainable Development 208
Endangered Species and Ecosystems 209
Health Coordination Against Global Diseases 210
Conclusion 212
12 A Hollywood Planet: ANeo-Veblen World? 215
Anglo-Saxon Cultural Dominance 215
The Global Open Society 217
The Dilemma of Immense Global Challenges 218
Conclusion 224
Bibliography 227
Index 243
List of Tables,F igures andA ppendices
Tables
1.1 The resources of the earth, 2000 27
2.1 Air pollution emissions: changes in 1000 tons since 1990 according
to percentages 45
2.2 Total CO2 emissions from energy use (millions of tons), 1980-1999 47
2.3 CO2 emissions by source (millions of tons), 1980-1999 48
2.4 Emissions of major greenhouse ga'ses (1000 tons CO2 equivalent),
end 1990s 48
2.5 Population connected to public waste water treatment plants,
1980-1999 49
2.6 Freshwater: abstractions and resources, (million m2), 1999 50
2.7 Total waste: municipal waste ( 1000 tons) 51
2.8 Hazardous materials: production, movement and disposal of
hazardous waste, 1987-1999 52
2.9 Endangered species: mammals, birds and fish 53
2.10 Catches of fish and other aquatic animals and products, 2000 54
2.11 Fishing in 1000 tons, 1980, 1990 and 2000 54
4.1 Some civilizations of the world 78
4.2 Eleven civilizations: HDI and HR scores 80
4.3 Eta squared scores for HDI and HR 81
4.4 Eleven civilizations: differences in societal correlates 83
4.5 The correlates of civilizations 84
8.1 International and regional organizations: voting power parameters 156
9 .1 Key regional groups, 2000 160
9.2 Long-run features: regional heterogeneity (means and eta squares) 165
9.3 Short-run features: regional heterogeneity (means and eta squares) 166
10.1 Correlations between social capital and HDI 188
11.1 Incidence/prevalence of HIV/A IDS, 2003 212
Figures
1.1 Dieterlen' s equations for global oil production peak 29
2.1 Hazardous materials: production, movement and disposal of hazardous
waste 55
3.1 Benefits and costs in human rights enforcement 65
4.1 Eleven civilizations: HDI and HR 81
X Globalization and Politics
5 .1 Structure of the global market economy 112
10.1 Civil society and human development 189
10.2 Civil society workforce and human development 190
10.3 Number ofNGOs and human development 191
Appendices
4.1 Variable list 97
9 .1 Variable list 183
10.1 Variable list 196
Preface
This book is the result of the many teaching commissions I took on during the last
couple of years in various parts of the world including Hong Kong, China,
Singapore, Alaska and South Dakota. It looks upon globalization as energy,
economy, environment and politics, which interact to create the walk of life for
mankind in the 21st century. Globalization is basically both interdependency and
governance, both dangers and promises, which explains why it is both feared and
praised. Starting out as an economic trend with strong environmental spill over
effects, globalization has become increasingly a political trend with cultural
implications.
The problems of globalization - energy, environment, peace - concern
coordination, that is, how the roughly 200 countries of the world can work together
to tackle the specific difficulties that mankind will face. If the countries of the world
can successfully coordinate their activities, then globalization may bring about
beneficial outcomes for mankind. Should coordination fail, then globalization will
spell disaster and perhaps bring mankind to the brink of the destruction of the human
race. The problem of coordination runs through the key aspects of globalization: the
global market economy, Mother Earth or the environment as well as the system of
states. Governments must coordinate their actions to respond to global challenges.
But coordination is not easily accomplished in a world consisting of about 200
sovereign states. There is nothing that guarantees that mankind will find solutions to
the main problems of globalization. Besides dreaming about global prosperity and
eternal peace there is ample room for scepticism, if not outright negativism, as
mankind faces the energy-environment conundrum of development and energy crisis
on the one hand and climate change as well as global warming on the other.
In writing this book I was greatly assisted by Sylvia Dumons within the Secretariat of
the Department of Political Science at Geneva University. I should also thank all the
students who read and commented upon various drafts of this manuscript. Some
materials in a few chapters go back to articles I have published in journals:
'Globalization and the Institutional Deficit', in the Asian Journal of Public
Administration (2002, vol. 24:1), 'Globalization, Cultural Identity and Democracy'
in Revista de Economia Politica (2003, vol. 23:4), 'Globalization: Promises and
Dangers', in Zeitschrift fiir Staats- und Europawissenschaften (200412) , 'The Global
Dilemma: A Game against Nature', in Assenwirtschaft, vol. 60:II and 'International
Organisation as Coordination in N-Person Games', in Political Studies (2006)
vol. 54:1 (with Reinert Maeland). I have also drawn upon 'The Regionalisation of
Government: A Comparison of Regional Groups of States in Hesse, J.J. and Grotz, F.
(eds) International Kyoto Conference on Public Administration, pp. 1-45 and
'European Union: The Legal Dimension', in Handbook of Public Administration and
xii Globalization and Politics
Policy in the European Union, edited by Peter van den Hoek (2005), pp. 233-256. I
would like to thank Svante Ersson for help with Chapters 4 and 9 and Reinert
Maeland for help with Chapter 8.
Jan-Erik Lane
August 2005, Geneva
