Global Health Security: Recognizing Vulnerabilities, Creating Opportunities

425 Pages·2020·8.232 MB·English

by  Anthony J. Masys, Ricardo Izurieta, Miguel Reina Ortiz

Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
Anthony J. Masys
Ricardo Izurieta
Miguel Reina Ortiz Editors
Global
Health
Security
Recognizing Vulnerabilities, Creating
Opportunities
Advanced Sciences and Technologies
for Security Applications
SeriesEditor
Anthony J. Masys, Associate Professor, Director of Global Disaster Management,
Humanitarian Assistance and Homeland Security, University of South Florida,
Tampa,USA
AdvisoryEditors
GiselaBichler,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino,CA,USA
ThirimachosBourlai,WestVirginiaUniversity,StatlerCollegeofEngineeringand
MineralResources,Morgantown,WV,USA
ChrisJohnson,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,UK
PanagiotisKarampelas,HellenicAirForceAcademy,Attica,Greece
ChristianLeuprecht,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,Kingston,ON,Canada
EdwardC.Morse,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
DavidSkillicorn,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
YoshikiYamagata,NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,
Japan
TheseriesAdvancedSciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplicationscomprises
interdisciplinaryresearchcoveringthetheory,foundationsanddomain-specifictopics
pertaining to security. Publications within the series are peer-reviewed monographs
andeditedworksintheareasof:
– biological and chemical threat recognition and detection (e.g., biosensors, aero-
sols,forensics)
– crisisanddisastermanagement
– terrorism
– cyber security and secure information systems (e.g., encryption, optical and
photonicsystems)
– traditionalandnon-traditionalsecurity
– energy,foodandresourcesecurity
– economicsecurityandsecuritization(includingassociatedinfrastructures)
– transnationalcrime
– humansecurityandhealthsecurity
– social,politicalandpsychologicalaspectsofsecurity
– recognition and identification (e.g., optical imaging, biometrics, authentication
andverification)
– smartsurveillancesystems
– applicationsoftheoreticalframeworksandmethodologies(e.g.,groundedtheory,
complexity,networksciences,modellingandsimulation)
Together, the high-quality contributions to this series provide a cross-disciplinary
overviewofforefrontresearchendeavoursaimingtomaketheworldasaferplace.
The editors encourage prospective authors to correspond with them in advance of
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in-ChieforoneoftheEditors.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5540
(cid:129)
Anthony J. Masys Ricardo Izurieta
Miguel Reina Ortiz
Editors
Global Health Security
Recognizing Vulnerabilities, Creating
Opportunities
Editors
AnthonyJ.Masys RicardoIzurieta
CollegeofPublicHealth CollegeofPublicHealth
UniversityofSouthFlorida UniversityofSouthFlorida
Tampa,FL,USA Tampa,FL,USA
MiguelReinaOrtiz
CollegeofPublicHealth
UniversityofSouthFlorida
Tampa,FL,USA
ISSN1613-5113 ISSN2363-9466 (electronic)
AdvancedSciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplications
ISBN978-3-030-23490-4 ISBN978-3-030-23491-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1
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Foreword
Oursmallplanetiseffectivelygrowingsmallereveryday.Inthenineteenthcentury,
it was possible to believe that geographic distances could protect a country from
disruptions, natural disasters, and plagues raging far away on the other side of the
world.Butthisisnolongerthecase.Thankstoourinternationalairtravelnetwork,it
isnowpossibletogetfromanycityontheplanettoanyothercityontheplanetin
less than one day. And the number of people traveling internationally by air has
grownbyover5%ayearforthepast10years.Parallelingthisgrowthinairtravelis
agrowthinshipping.Fewofthegoodswenowconsumeareproducedlocally.Most
comefromacrosstheworld.Theincreaseinthemovementofbothpeopleandgoods
meansthatwearenolongershelteredfromeventsthathappenontheothersideof
theworld.Theworldhasturnedintoavillage.
And we are seeing more disasters and threats to the security in our planetary
village. Political instability and environmental changes caused by global warming
aredisplacingmoreandmorepeople.In2017,itwasestimatedthatover65million
peoplewererefugees.Displacedpeopleoftenareforcedtoliveincrowded,lessthan
idealconditionswhichcanbreeddisease,foodinsufficiency,andradicalism.Envi-
ronmental degradation and the incursion of people into previously wild habitats
spurs the development of zoonoses which can become devastating epidemics and
pandemics. Climate change can result in slow moving (e.g., the inundation of the
Pacificatollislandnations)andrapid(e.g.,hurricanes)weather-relateddisastersthat
leavepeoplehomelessandtraumatized.Anymanyofthesefactorscanoftenafflicta
populationatthesametime,leadingtocomplexhumanitariandisastersthatarevery
difficult to address. A good example of this is the Ebola epidemic in North Kivu
Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018. Despite deploying an
effective vaccine, the international community has struggled to contain this epi-
demic,asaresultofpoliticalunrest,populationmovement,anddistrustofoutsiders
bythelocalpopulation.
The authors of this volume highlight many of the challenges that confront our
globalsecurityenvironmenttoday.Theserangefrompoliticallyinduceddisastersto
foodinsecurity,tozoonoses,andtoterrorism.Moreoptimistically,theauthorsalso
v
vi Foreword
presentsomeadvancesintechnologythatcanhelpuscombatthesethreats.Under-
standingthechallengesthatconfrontusandthetoolswehavetoovercomethemwill
allowustofaceourfuturewithconfidence.
Professor,GlobalandPlanetaryHealth, ThomasUnnasch
CollegeofPublicHealth,Universityof
SouthFlorida,Tampa,FL,USA
Contents
PartI EmergingThreats
Plagues,EpidemicsandPandemics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
RicardoIzurieta
AgriculturalEmergencies:FactorsandImpactsintheSpread
ofTransboundaryDiseasesin,andAdjacentto,Agriculture. . . . . . . . . 13
AshleyHydrick
TheThreatWithin:MitigatingtheRiskofMedicalError. . . . . . . . . . . 33
SimonBennett
ClimateChange,ExtremeWeatherEventsandGlobalHealth
SecurityaLensintoVulnerabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
CarsonBellandAnthonyJ.Masys
GlobalHealthBiosecurityinaVulnerableWorld–AnEvaluation
ofEmergingThreatsandCurrentDisasterPreparednessStrategies
fortheFuture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
KristiMiley
TheEmergingThreatofEbola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
MichelleLaBrundaandNaushadAmin
PartII Mitigation,PreparednessandResponseandRecovery
NaturalandManmadeDisasters:VulnerablePopulations. . . . . . . . . . . 143
JenniferMarshall,JacquelineWiltshire,JenniferDelva,TemitopeBello,
andAnthonyJ.Masys
GlobalSexualViolence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
SaraSpowart
vii
viii Contents
GlobalHealthSecurityandWeaponsofMassDestructionChapter. . . . 187
ChrisReynolds
AntimicrobialResistanceinOneHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Marie-joMedina,HelenaLegido-Quigley,andLiYangHsu
FoodSecurity:MicrobiologicalandChemicalRisks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
JoergenSchlundt,MoonY.F.Tay,HuChengcheng,andChenLiwei
PartIII ExploringtheTechnologyLandscapeforSolutions
GaussianizationofVariationalBayesianApproximationswith
CorrelatedNon-nestedNon-negligiblePosteriorMeanRandom
EffectsEmployingNon-negativityConstraintAnalogsandAnalytical
DepossinizationforIterativelyFittingCapturePoint,Aedesaegypti
HabitatNon-zeroAutocorrelatedPrognosticators:ACaseStudy
inEvidentialProbabilitiesforNon-frequentisticForecast
Epi-entomologicalTimeSeriesModelingofArboviralInfections. . . . . . 277
AngelicaHuertas,NathanaelStanley,SamuelAlao,ToniPanaou,
BenjaminG.Jacob,andThomasUnnasch
SimulationandModelingApplicationsinGlobalHealthSecurity. . . . .. 307
ArthurJ.French
TheGrowingRoleofSocialMediainInternationalHealthSecurity:
TheGood,theBad,andtheUgly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
StanislawP.Stawicki,MichaelS.Firstenberg,andThomasJ.Papadimos
PartIV LeadershipandPartnerships
EffectingCollectiveImpactThroughCollectiveLeadership
onaFoundationofGenerativeRelationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
MarissaJ.Levine
GlobalHealthSecurityInnovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
JamesStikeleatherandAnthonyJ.Masys
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Part I
Emerging Threats