Table Of ContentGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
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GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Case Studies and Analysis of the
United Nations’ Journey toward
Sustainable Development
D . C Y K
R HOY EE EONG
FacultyofEconomics,KeioUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
Elsevier
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of my beloved father Choy Tuck,
my beloved mother Lee Yong Kan, and my beloved sister Chui Soh Lan
who have been my constant source of great encouragement
and inspiration.
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Contents
List of Figures xiii 2.9 ThepostStockholmera:Thesecondwaveof
List of Tables xvii UnitedNationsengagementwith
environmentallysustainabledevelopment 25
List of Boxes xix
2.9.1 ThefirstWorldClimateConference
List of Appendixes xxi
(1979) 26
Preface xxiii 2.9.2 Stockholm110(1982)andthe
Acknowledgments xxvii BrundtlandReport(1987) 26
2.9.3 UnitedNationsConferenceon
1. Introduction: Sustainable EnvironmentandDevelopment
development—a preliminary (TheEarthSummit,1992) 28
2.9.4 TheEarthSummitII:Reviewof
reflection 1
Agenda21 30
2.9.5 UnitedNationsFramework
1.1 Theriseandfallofsustainabledevelopment:
ConventiononClimateChange 31
Ahistoricalperspective 1
2.9.6 Conventiononbiologicaldiversityand
1.2 Reemergenceofsustainabledevelopment:The
biodiversityconservation 36
UnitedNationsenvironmentalprotection
2.9.7 TheUnitedNationsFramework
initiatives 1
ConventiononClimateChangeand
1.3 Theethicsofsustainabledevelopment 3
ConventiononBiologicalDiversity:
1.4 Structureofthebook 3 Someremarks 42
2.10 TheUnitedNations’journeyto
2. The United Nations’ journey to global environmentalsustainability2001andbeyond:
Thethirdwave 44
environmental sustainability since
2.10.1 TheUnitedNationsMillennium
Stockholm: An assessment 7
Summit 44
2.10.2 TheUnitedNationsWorldSummit
2.1 Introduction 7
onSustainableDevelopmentor
2.2 TheUnitedNations’journeytoglobal
Rio110(2002) 48
environmentalsustainability:Theevolutionof
2.11 UnitedNationsenvironmentaleffortsinthe
theStockholmgreenera 8
postRio120 51
2.3 TheStockholmimpedimentandtheFounex
2.11.1 WorldSummit(2005) 51
Report 11
2.11.2 MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
2.4 TheStockholmConferenceandthe
Summit(2010) 52
North(cid:1)Southgreeningconflicts 13
2.11.3 UnitedNationsConferenceon
2.5 OutcomesoftheStockholmConference 15
SustainableDevelopmentorthe
2.6 TheCocoyocSymposium 20 Rio120:Thenextmilestone
2.7 TheStockholmConferenceandthe (2012) 53
emergenceofglobalenvironmental 2.11.4 Globalmillenniumdevelopmentgoals
regimes 21 conference(GMC)(2013) 55
2.8 TheStockholmenvironmentalimpacts:Some 2.11.5 UNSustainableDevelopmentSummit
remarks 23 (2015) 56
vii
viii
Contents
2.11.6 Thesustainabledevelopmentgoal 3.10 Biodiversityconservationinthetropical
Summit(2019) 57 rainforestregion(specificcasestudy):The
2.12 TheUnitedNations’journeyto statusquo 111
environmentalsustainability:Some 3.10.1 TheBrazilianAmazon:Thestatusof
comments 58 biologicaldiversity 111
2.13 Concludingremarks 60 3.10.2 Biodiversityconservationin
Brazil 112
3.10.3 Thestateofbiodiversityin
3. The United Nations’ journey to global
Brazil 113
environmental sustainability since
3.10.4 TheBrazilianAtlanticforest
Stockholm: The paradox 63 ecosystemdilemma—ahuman-
inducedecologicaltragedy 114
3.1 Introduction 63
3.11 Africa 115
3.2 GlobalenvironmentalstatussinceStockholm:
3.11.1 TheDemocraticRepublicofCongo:
Anoverallview 64
Thestatusofbiologicaldiversity 115
3.3 Forestconservationanddeforestation:An 3.11.2 DemocraticRepublicofCongo
empiricalassessment 65 biodiversityconservation
3.3.1 Forestconservation:Theraison policies 116
d’eˆtre 65
3.11.3 Thestateofbiodiversityin
3.3.2 TheUnitedNationsforestprotection DemocraticRepublicofCongo 117
initiatives 65 3.11.4 TheAfricanstatusofbiological
3.4 Globalforesttracking:FoodandAgriculture diversityingeneral 118
OrganizationversusGlobalForestWatch 73
3.11.5 TheAfricanbiodiversityprotection
3.4.1 Forest:Somebasicconceptsand
initiativesinbrief 118
definitions 73
3.11.6 ThestateofbiodiversityinAfricain
3.4.2 FoodandAgriculturalOrganization
general 119
foresttrackingmethodology:Some
3.12 SoutheastAsia 125
basicfacts 74
3.12.1 TheUnitedNationsenvironmental
3.4.3 GlobalForestWatchforesttracking
protectioninitiativesandits
methodology:Somebasicfacts 75
implicationsontheASEAN-5’s
3.4.4 FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationand
environmentalconservation
GlobalForestWatchforesttrackings:
efforts 125
Someremarks 76
3.12.2 Indonesia:Biodiversityconservation
3.5 Globalforestloss:Anempiricalanalysis 76
efforts 129
3.6 Country-specificcasestudies 79
3.12.3 Indonesia:Thestateofbiological
3.6.1 SouthAmerica—theBig-4(Brazil,
diversity 130
Argentina,Paraguay,andBolivia) 79
3.12.4 Malaysia:Biodiversityconservation
3.6.2 Africa:DemocraticRepublicof
Congo 86 efforts 132
3.6.3 Indonesia:Nationalforestpolicies 88 3.12.5 Malaysia:Thestateofbiological
3.6.4 OtherSoutheastAsiancountries 94 diversity 133
3.7 Globalforestconservation:Ableak 3.12.6 ThePhilippines:Biodiversity
picture 104 conservationefforts 134
3.8 Biodiversityconservation:UnitedNations’ 3.12.7 ThePhilippines:Thestateof
ecologicalconservationinitiativesin biologicaldiversity 135
retrospective 105 3.12.8 Thailand:Biodiversityconservation
3.9 Biodiversityconservationandenvironmental efforts 136
degradation:Theglobalrealityin 3.12.9 Thailand:Thestateofbiological
general 107 diversity 137
ix
Contents
3.12.10 Vietnam:Biodiversityconservation 3.19.1 TheAmericancarbondioxide
efforts 138 emissiontrends 177
3.12.11 Vietnam:Thestateofbiological 3.19.2 ThebreakingoftheAmericancarbon
diversity 139 curse:TheBarackObama
3.12.12 ASEANtransboundaryregional decarbonizationlegacyandthe
environmentalprotectioninitiatives: DonaldTrumpenvironmental
TheHeartofBorneo 140 syndrome 184
3.12.13 TheHeartofBorneo:Thestateof 3.19.3 ThereturnoftheAmericancarbon
environment 142 curse:DonaldTrump’senvironmental
3.13 China’senvironmentalprotectionand protectionrollback 185
biodiversityconservation 144 3.19.4 DonaldTrump’senvironmental
3.13.1 China’senvironmentalprotection philosophy:ThecontemporaryFrancis
initiatives 144 Bacon 196
3.13.2 TheparadoxofChina’senvironmental
3.20 TheUnitedNations’roadtoglobal
sustainability:Waterpollution 145
environmentalsustainability:SomeUnited
3.13.3 TheThreeGorgesenvironmental
Nationsuccessstories 197
dilemma 147
3.20.1 Mauritania—environmental
3.14 Globalbiodiversityoutlook:Some
mainstreaming,sustainableresource
comments 148
managementandpoverty
3.15 TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConvention
reduction 198
onClimateChange,carbondioxideemissions,
3.20.2 ProjectPredatorandpolicingthe
andatmosphericconcentration:Aglobal
globalillegalwildlifetrade—
assessment 150
Tiger 200
3.16 Carbonemissioncountry-specificcasestudies:
3.20.3 Sustainableforestmanagementin
ChinaversustheUnitedStates 157
Nepal:CommunityForestry
3.17 China’sdecarbonizationinitiatives:Theroad
DevelopmentProgrammes 204
toParisAccord 158
3.21 TheUnitedNations’successstories:Some
3.18 China’spathwaystodecarbonization:The
remarks 208
arduousjourney 161
3.22 Globalenvironmentalsustainability,
3.18.1 China’sjourneytobecomingthe
carbondioxideemission biodiversityconservationandclimate
protection:Themissinglinks 209
monster 161
3.18.2 TheMaoeraofeconomic 3.23 Concludingremarks 211
transformationandcarbondioxide
emission 163 4. Greening for a sustainable future: The
3.18.3 EconomicperformanceduringDeng ethical connection 213
Xiaoping’sreformperiodand
post-Dengera 165 4.1 Introduction 213
3.18.4 Industrializationandcarbondioxide 4.2 Environmentalethicsandenvironmental
emissioninthePost-Dengera 167 sustainability:Atheoreticalassessment 214
3.18.5 China:Theparadoxofclimatechange 4.2.1 Anthropocentrism:Aconceptual
policies 172 analysis 215
3.18.6 ThereversalofChina’sclimate 4.2.2 Biocentrism 216
changeparadox?PresidentXiJinping’s 4.3 EcocentrismandAldoLeopold’sland
greenfactors 173 ethic 227
3.19 Carbondioxideemissionsandclimatechange: 4.4 AlbertSchweitzer’sreverenceforlifeethic:The
TheAmerican“carboncurse”andDonald Leopoldconnectionanditsimplicationfora
Trump’santi-environmentalattitudesand pragmaticunificationofenvironmental
practices 177 ethics 230
