Table Of ContentGlobal Ageing in the
Twenty-First Century
Challenges, Opportunities and Implications
Edited by
Susan A. McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer
Global aGeinG in the
twenty-First Century
This page has been left blank intentionally
Global ageing in the
twenty-First Century
Challenges, opportunities and implications
Edited by
susan a. McDaniel
University of Lethbridge, Canada
ZaChary ZiMMer
University of California at San Francisco, USA
© susan a. McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer 2013
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
susan a. McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer have asserted their right under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing Company
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Global ageing in the twenty-first century : challenges, opportunities and implications.
1. Population aging--Cross-cultural studies. 2. aging--
Cross-cultural studies. 3. older people--Medical care--
Cross-cultural studies. 4. older people--employment--
Cross-cultural studies. 5. older people--economic
conditions--Cross-cultural studies. 6. intergenerational
relations--Cross-cultural studies. 7. older people--
Government policy--Cross-cultural studies.
i. McDaniel, susan a., 1946- ii. Zimmer, Zachary.
305.2'6'09-dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McDaniel, susan a., 1946-
Global ageing in the twenty-first century: challenges, opportunities and implications / by
susan a. McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer.
p. cm.
includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-1-4094-3270-8 (hardback) -- isbn 978-1-4094-3271-5 (ebook) 1. aging--
social aspects. 2. social history--21st century. i. Zimmer, Zachary. ii. title.
hQ1061.M37613 2013
305.26--dc23
2012026365
isbn 9781409432708 (hbk)
isbn 9781409432715 (ebk – PDF)
isbn 9781472400055 (ebk – ePub)
V
Printed and bound in Great britain by the
MPG books Group, uK.
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Notes on Contributors xiii
Preface and Acknowledgements xix
1 Global Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: An Introduction 1
Zachary Zimmer and Susan McDaniel
2 The Population Ageing Process in Global Perspective 13
François Héran
Part I: HealtHy ageIng and HealtH Care
3 Ageing, Functional Disabilities and its Gender Dimensions:
Results based on a Study in Delhi 33
Moneer Alam
4 A Gendered Perspective on Well-Being in Later Life:
Algeria, Lebanon and Palestine 49
Kristine J. Ajrouch, Kathryn M. Yount,
Abla M. Sibai and Pia Roman
5 A Global Perspective on Physiological Change with Age 79
Eileen Crimmins, Felicia Wheaton, Sarinnapha Vasunilashorn,
Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez, Lu Zhang and Jung Ki Kim
6 Religious Activity and Transitions in Functional Health and
Mortality among Middle Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan 105
Mira M. Hidajat, Zachary Zimmer and Baai-Shyun Hurng
7 Addressing Health Challenges of Ageing in sub-Saharan Africa:
Policy Perspectives and Evidence Needs 121
Isabella Aboderin
8 New Myths about Ageing: The Growth of Medical Knowledge
and its Societal Consequences 139
Dorly J.H. Deeg
vi Global Ageing in the Twenty-First Century
Part II: ageIng WorkforCe, retIrement
and tHe ProvIsIon of PensIons
9 Population Ageing and its Global Challenges 159
Codrina Rada
10 Reimagining Old Age in Europe:
Effects of Changing Work and Retirement Patterns 175
Kathrin Komp
11 Risky Business: Ageing as an Information Technology Worker 195
Emily Jovic and Julie McMullin
Part III: sHIftIng IntergeneratIonal relatIons
12 Gender, Marital Status and Intergenerational Relations
in a Changing World 215
Sara Arber
13 The Cultural Context of Social Cohesion and Social Capital:
Exploring Filial Caregiving 235
Neena L. Chappell
14 Generational Differences in Caregiving and its Consequences 253
Janet Fast
15 Family Relations and the Experience of Loneliness
among Older Adults in Eastern Europe 267
Kim Korinek
16 Levels of Welfarism and Intergenerational Transfers within
the Family: Evidence from the Global Ageing Survey (GLAS) 291
George W. Leeson and Hafiz T.A. Khan
* * *
17 Conclusion:
Global Ageing in the Twenty-First Century – Where to From Here? 309
Susan McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer
Index 319
List of Figures
2.1 Relative change in the main age groups over the next decades
in Germany 15
2.2 Relative change in the main age groups over the coming decades
in France 17
2.3 Relative change in the main age groups over the next decades
in Russia and the US 19
2.4 Percentage change in the main age groups over the next decades
in China and North Africa 20
2.5 Share of working-age population in the US from 1950 to 2050,
under the three variants projected by the UN Population Division
(high, medium, low) 23
2.6 Share of working-age population (aged 20–59)
in selected countries 23
2.7 Approximate period in which the share of the working-age
population reached or will reach its peak in selected countries
or sub-continents 25
5.1 Life expectancy at birth, 2011 81
5.2 Percent with high systolic blood pressure (≥ 140 mm Hg)
by country and sex 84
5.3 Percent with diastolic blood pressure (≥ 90 mm Hg)
by country and sex 85
5.4 Mean pulse pressure by country and sex 86
5.5 Percent overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2)
by country and sex 88
5.6 Percent with high total cholesterol (≥ 240 mg/dl)
by country and sex 90
5.7 Percent with low HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dl)
by country and sex 91
5.8 Mean total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ratio by country and sex 92
5.9 Percent with high glycosylated hemoglobin (≥ 6.4%)
by country and sex 93
6.1 Transitions between health states and mortality 111
8.1 Life expectancy from birth by birth cohort, the Netherlands 140
viii Global Ageing in the Twenty-First Century
8.2 Life expectancy of those age 65+ by birth cohort,
the Netherlands 141
8.3 Prevalence of chronic diseases in 65–85 year olds, 1992–2009 144
8.4 Prevalence of disability in 65–85 year olds, 1992–2009 144
8.5 Life expectancy from age 65 years with disease:
Increase 1992–2002 145
9.1 Old-age dependency rates for 2000, 2025 and 2050 respectively 163
9.2 Economic dependency rates 165
9.3 Regional participation rates by age groups in 2000 167
9.4 Regional participation rates by gender in 2000 168
10.1 The effective retirement age in Europe, per geographical region
(1970–2009) 178
10.2 The employment status of Europeans aged 50 to 65 years in
2006, by gender 181
10.3 Changes in the tripartite life-course model 185
12.1 Nature of inter-generational transfers between generations 217
12.2 Sex ratios (female/male) for five year age groups above age 60
across countries 225
12.3 Marital status by gender for people aged 65+ and 80+
in four countries 227
14.1 Distribution of care providers by age of caregiver
and care receiver 256
14.2 Distribution of caregivers by generation and relationship 256
14.3 Consequences of caregiving 263
List of Tables
1.1 Observed estimates for 1970–75 TFR, observed and projected
estimates for 1995–2000 TFR, and change statistics expressed as
percentages, for the world, selected regions and selected countries 5
1.2 Population ageing statistics for the world, selected regions
and selected countries 7
3.1 Percent reporting ADL difficulties by gender,
place of residence and age 38
3.2 Measured grip, gait and self-balancing abilities by gender,
place of residence and age group (%) 39
3.3 Self-reported difficulties in eating, bathing and dressing,
and grip strength (scores: persons) 40
3.4 Count data regression results showing correlates
of self-reported disabilities 42
3.5 List of variables for estimation of CDM and
logistic regression models 45
3.6 Explained variables for estimation of CDM
and logistic regression models 46
4.1 Socio-political and demographic background of
the study countries 51
4.2 Descriptive statistics of the samples: Adults aged 65 years
and older in Algeria, Lebanon and Tunisia 60
4.3 Family structure 62
4.4 Social relations 65
4.5 Socioeconomic status 67
4.6 Health and disability 68
5.1 Correlations between social indicators and biological measures 95
6.1 Sample composition (unweighted N, weighted %) 110
6.2 Descriptive statistics (weighted % or means) 111
6.3 Transitions between no ADL or IADL limitations,
1+ limitations, and mortality by home and public
religious activity (unweighted N, weighted %) 113
