Table Of ContentGlassy Metals:
Magnetic,Chemical,
and Structural
Properties
Editor
Ryusuke Hasegawa, Ph.D.
Materials Laboratory
Corporate Research and Development Center
Allied Corporation
Morristown, New Jersey
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Croup
BBooccaa RRaattoonn LLoonnddoonn NNeeww YYoorrkk
CCRRCC PPrreessss iiss aann iimmpprriinntt ooff tthhee
TTaayylloorr && FFrraanncciiss GGrroouupp,, aann iinnffoorrmmaa bbuussiinneessss
First published 1983 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1983 by CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.
com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-
for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy
license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Glassy metals.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Metallic glasses. I. Hasegawa. Ryusuke,
1940—
TN693.M4G58 1983 666’ .15 82-14707
ISBN 0-8493-5746-2
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 82014707
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies
may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to
contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89316-7 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07226-7 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
PREFACE
It was in that Au Si was made noncrystalline directly from liquid state by a rapid-
1960 75 25
quenched technique. This work by Pol Duwez and his collaborators was the first to dem-
onstrate that liquid-like states can be realized in solid metals and alloys. The subsequent
discovery of the stable ferromagnetic Fe P C glassy alloy by Duwez and S. C.
80 13 7 H. Lin in
1967 and the development of chill casting techniques to synthesize glassy materials in ribbon
form have opened up a new avenue of materials research and application.
Because the atomic structure of a glassy or amorphous alloy is nonperiodic, it is not
uniquely defined. However, an average over the entire structure is reflected in diffraction,
magnetic, electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Based on these data, structural
modelling by computer simulation is possible as presented in Chapter 1. This is useful in
understanding the local structure-property relationship in metallic glasses, which is the main
theme of this book.
One of the simplest theoretical methods of treating magnetic properties is the mean field
theory. Because of structural disorder, this approach described in Chapter 2 has been rea-
sonably successful in glassy alloys. To obtain a more microscopic picture, however, one
needs to know accurate electronic structure of the system of interest. The atomic and
electronic structures are intimately related, so that a detailed knowledge of the electronic
On
structure should provide additional insight into the atomic arrangement of glassy solids.
the other hand, the relationship between the electronic structure and the properties of the
materials is crucial to an understanding of phenomena such as electron transport, supercon-
ductivity, magnetism, chemistry, and mechanical behavior. For this purpose, as in crystalline
materials, efforts are on determining density of state functions. These subjects are discussed
in Chapter 3.
The most well-studied noncrystalline metallic system is the transition metal-metalloid base
alloys, main! y because of their technological significance. Chapter 4 summarizes the infuence
of structural disorder on the magnetic properties of dilute and concentrated alloys. Local
moment formation, long-range magnetic ordering, and local short-range order and magnetism
are extensively discussed. One system from this class of materials, i.e., Fe-B-Si, is found
(50/60
suited for low frequency Hz) magnetic devices such power transformers. This and
related subjects are summarized in Chapter 5. A number of glassy alloys based on Fe-Ni-B
and Co-Fe-B exhibit magnetic permeabilities comparable with or superior to those of crys-
talline supermalloys. These materials are, therefore, suited for use in high frequency magnetic
devices. This item is included in Chapter 6 in which various devices other than those used
in low frequencies are considered using metallic glasses.
Rare-earth-element-containing noncrystalline alloys can be synthesized by liquid quench-
ing techniques. Most of these alloys, however, have relatively low magnetic transition
(~300
temperatures K) and have limited technological importance. Transition metal-rich
rare-earth-element-containing alloys, however, can be made glassy by sputtering techniques.
These alloys are in thin film form and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy can be induced along
the direction perpendicular to the film plane. These films, therefore, can be used in magnetic
bubble and magnetooptic devices as discussed in Chapter 7.
Amorphous solids are, because of their structures, free of defects most commonly found
Of special interest are
in crystalline solids such as grain boundaries and stacking faults.
many glassy alloys prepared by liquid quenching which are in single phase and free of
defects such as second phases or precipitates. These materials are then considered as ideally,
chemically homogeneous alloys which should be resistant against corrosion attack. This is
the subject of the last chapter of this book.
The editor wishes to express his sincere thanks to all the contributors for this book, and
hopes that the publication of this book will promote interest for those who are studying this
expanding area of interesting research and will help those who wish to learn the current
state of knowledge.
Many thanks are due to Mr. B. J. Starkoff, President of CRC Press, for his interest in
the present book and continued support to its completion, to many of the editor's colleagues
for many helpful suggestions and to Miss Cathleen Storzum for her always cheerful assistance
in preparing the entire manuscript.
Ryusuke Hasegawa
Morristown, New Jersey
May, 1982
THE EDITOR
Ryusuke Hasegawa, Ph.D., is Research Associate of the Materials Laboratory at the
Corporate Research and Development Center of Allied Corporation, heading a group in
glassy metals research.
Dr. Hasegawa obtained his B. Eng. and M. Eng. in electrical science from Nagoya
University in Japan, and his M.S. in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. in materials science
from California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1968 and 1969, respectively. He
was Research Fellow in Materials Science at California Institute of Technology and Post-
Doctoral Fellow at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center before he assumed his position
as Staff Physicist at Allied Corporation in 1975.
Dr. Hasegawa is a member of the American Physical Society, American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Materials Research Society and Sigma XI, and is a senior
member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He is cuiTently Chairman
of the Magnetics Society of the IEEE Princeton Section. He was Co-chairmen of the Second
International Conference on Amorphous Magnetism held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
in 1976. He cuiTently serves as a member of the Steering and Publications Committee of
the annual Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference sponsored by the American
Institute of Physics. He was a Fulbright Scholar during 1964-69.
Dr. Hasegawa holds seven U.S. patents, is the author or co-author of more than 90 papers
and was a co-editor of the book Amorphous Magnetism 1/. His current research interests
center around the relationship between atomic- and micro-scale structure and properties in
noncrystalline solids.
CONTRIBUTORS
Richard Boll, Ph.D. Takehito Kaneyoshi, Dr. Sc.
Head of the Section on Magnetism Research Associate
Research and Development Division Department of Physics
Vacuumschmelze GmbH Nagoya University
Hanau, West Germany Nagoya, Japan
D. S. Boudreaux, Ph.D.
Corporate Research and Development Tsuyoshi Masumoto, D. Eng.
Center Professor
Allied Corporation The Research Institute for Iron, Steel,
Morristown, New Jersey and Other Metals
Tohoku University
Jacques Durand, Sc.D. Sendai, Japan
Laboratory of Solid State Physics
University of Nancy I
Nancy, France Ronald F. Soohoo, Ph.D.
Professor of Electrical Engineering and
Koji Hashimoto, D. Eng. Computing Science
The Research Institute for Iron, Steel, Department of Electrical and Computer
and Other Metals Engineering
Tohoku University University of California at Davis
Sendai, Japan Davis, California
Hans Rainer Hilzinger, Dr. rer .nat.
Head of the Laboratory for Special Michael A. Tenhover, Ph.D.
Metallurgy Senior Research Physicist
Research and Development Division Sohio Research Center
Vacuumschmelze GmbH Warrensville Heights, Ohio
Hanau, West Germany
William L. Johnson, Ph.D. Hans Warlimont, Prof. Dr. rer.nat.
Associate Professor of Material Science Director of Research and Development
California Institute of Technology Vacuumschmelze GmbH
Pasadena, California Hanau, West Germany
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Structure of Metallic Glass Alloys ....................................................... .
D. S. Boudreaux
Chapter 2
Theory of Magnetism in Noncrystalline Solids .......................................... 37
T. Kaneyoshi
Chapter 3
Electronic Structure of Metallic Glasses ................................................. 65
W. L. Johnson and M. Tenhover
Chapter 4
Magnetism in Transition Metal Base Amorphous Alloys ............................... 109
J. Durand
Chapter 5
Application of Metallic Glasses in Low-Frequency Magnetic Devices .................. 163
Ryusuke Hasegawa
Chapter 6
Magnetic Material Properties and Applications of Metallic Glasses in Electronic
Devices ................................................................................. 183
R. Boll, H. R. Hilzinger, and H. Warlimont
Chapter 7
Rare-Earth-Transition Metal-Base Alloys ............................................... 203
R. F. Soohoo
Chapter 8
Corrosion Properties of Amorphous Alloys ............................................. 235
Koji Hashimoto and Tsuyoshi Masumoto
Index ................................................................................... 263
1
Chapter I
STRUCTURE OF METALLIC GLASS ALLOYS
D. S. Boudreaux
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction ...................................................................... 2
II. Diffraction from Noncrystalline Media ........................................... 3
III. Development of Contemporary Ideas ............................................. 8
IV. Computer-Simulated Structures ................................................. 15
V. Modeling Material Properties ................................................... 20
VI. Structural Concepts Deduced by Modeling ..................................... 28
Acknowledgments ....................................................................... 34
References ............................................................................... 34
