Glaciated Continental Margins: An Atlas of Acoustic Images

324 Pages·1997·22.07 MB·English

by  Thomas A. Davies (auth.)

GLACIATED CONTINENTAL MARGINS
An Atlas of Acoustic Images

GLACIATED CONTINENTAL MARGINS
An Atlas of Acoustic Images
EDITED BY
Thomas A. Davies, Trevor Bell, Alan K. Cooper, Heiner Josenhans,
Leonid Polyak, Anders Solheim, Martyn S. Stoker, Jay A. Stravers
CHAPMAN & HALL
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First edition 1997
© 1997 Chapman & Hall
ISBN 0412793407
lllustrations Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK
Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by
Frontispiece: The west coast of Svalbard in early any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in
summer. (Photograph by Thomas A. Davies) accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the
terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning repro
duction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page.
Front cover: Larsen Ice Shelf, West Antarctica.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in
(Photograph by Lawrence A. Lawver) this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Back cover: Sirnrad EM 100 multibearn
bathymetry showing an ice terminal, morainal A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
bank at the northern end of Emerald Basin on the
eastern Canadian continental shelf. The area of
seafloor shown is about 5 km wide, with water
depths deepening from about 150 m at the ridged,
iceberg scoured moraine (white) to about 230 m
at the flat lying, pockmarked surface of Holocene
clay (green). The pockmarks are likely formed by
escaping gas from biogenic or petrogenic origin.
(Graphic prepared by Robert Courtney, I§
Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with
Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic). ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIINISO Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Contributors XVll
Editorial Committee Xll
Acknowledgements XVlll
INTRODUCTION 1
Thomas A. Davies
PART ONE SEISMIC CHARACTER AND VARIABILITY 7
Seismic Methods and Interpretation 9
Martyn S. Stoker, Jack B. Pheasant, Heiner Josenhans
Iceberg Scours: Records from Broad and Narrow-Beam Acoustic Systems 27
Julian A. Dowdeswell, Robert J. Whittington, Heinrich Villinger
29
Effects of Shallow Gas on Seismic Reflection Profiles
Gordon B.J. Fader
Simultaneous use of Multiple Seismic Reflection Systems for High Resolution and Deep Penetration 31
Heiner Josenhans
PART TWO FEATURES FOUND IN GLACIMARINE ENVIRONMENTS 33
1 Subglacial Features 34
Overview 34
Alan K Cooper, Paul R Carlson, Erk Reimnitz
A Glacial Trough Eroded in Layered Sediments in a Norwegian Fjord 36
DagOttesen
Structures in Scorseby Sund, East Greenland 38
Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben
Glacially Overdeepened Troughs and Ice Retreat "Till Tongue" Deposits in Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, Canada 40
Heiner Josenhans
v
Glacial Erosion of Sediments in the Alfjord, Western Norway 42
Inge Aarseth
Glacial Unconfonnities on the Antarctic Continental Margin, an Example from the Antarctic Peninsula 43
Philip J. Bart, John B. Anderson
Glacial Sole Markings on Bedrock and Till in Hudson Bay, Canada 46
Heiner Josenhans
Drumlins in Lake Ontario 48
c.F. Michael Lewis, Larry A. Mayer, Gordon D.M Cameron, Brian J. Todd
A Seabed Drumlin Field on the Inner Scotian Shelf, Canada 50
Gordon B. J. Fader, Rudolph R Stea, R C. Courtney
Drumlin Field on the Ross Sea Continental Shelf, Antarctica 52
Stephanie Shipp, John B. Anderson
Lineations on the Ross Sea Continental Shelf, Antarctica 54
Stephanie Shipp, John B. Anderson
Submarine Glacial Flutes and DeGeer Moraines 56
Anders Solheim
Glacial Flutes and Iceberg Furrows, Antarctic Peninsula 58
Carol J. Pudsey, Peter F. Barker, Robert D. Larter
Subglacial Features Interpreted from 3D-Seismic 60
Tor Helge Lygren, Mona Nyland Berg, Kjell Berg
Subglacial Channels in Hudson Bay, Canada 62
Heiner Josenhans
Subglacial Channels, Southern Barents Sea 64
Valery Gataullin, Leonid Polyak
Buried Sub-and Proglacial Channels: 3D-Seismic Morphostratigraphy 66
Daniel Praeg, David Long
Buried Tunnel-Valleys: 3D-Seismic Morphostratigraphy 68
Daniel Praeg
Glaciotectonic Features, Southeastern Barents Sea 70
Valery Gataullin, Leonid Polyak
Glacial Tectonism and Defonnation of Marine Sediments in the Central Chilean Fjords 72
Jay A. StraYers
vi
2 Ice-marginal and Ice-Contact Features 75
Overview 75
Anders Solheim
Younger Dryas Moraines in the Nordfjord, the Norddalsfjord and the Dalsfjord, Western Norway 77
Inge Aarseth
Ice-contact Deposits in Fjords from Northern Norway 80
Astrid Lysa, Tore 0. Vorren
Morainic Ridge Complex, Eastern Barents Sea 82
Valery Gataullin, Leonid Polyak
Submarine End-Moraines on the West Shetland Shelf, North-West Britain 84
Martyn S. Stoker
Submarine Lateral Moraine in the South Central Region of Hudson Strait, Canada 86
Brian MacLean
Thick Multiple Ice-contact Deposits Adjoining the Sill at the Entrance to Hudson Strait, Canada 88
Brian MacLean
Lobate Stacked Moraines: Lake Melville, Labrador 90
James P. Syvitski
Muir Inlet Morainal Bank Complex, Glacier Bay, S.E. Alaska 92
Keith C. Seramur, Ross D. Powell, Paul R Carlson, Ellen A. Cowan
A Late Glacial Readvance Moraine in the Central Chilean Fjords 94
Jay A. StraYers, John B. Anderson
Grounding Zone Wedges on the Antarctic Continental Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula 96
Philip J. Bart, John B. Anderson
Grounding Zone Wedges on the Antarctic Continental Shelf, Weddell Sea 98
John B. Anderson
Grounding Zone and Associated Proglacial Seismic Facies from Bransfield Basin, Antarctica 100
Laura A. Banfield, John B. Anderson
Grounding Zone Wedges on the Antarctic Continental Shelf, Ross Sea 104
Stephanie Shipp, John B. Anderson
Paleo-ice Streams and Ice Stream Boundaries, Ross Sea, Antarctica 106
Stephanie Shipp, John B. Anderson
Glaciomarine Deposits on the Continental Shelf of the Ross Sea, Antarctica 110
Laura De Santis, John B. Anderson, Giuliano Brancolini, Igor Zayatz
Vll
3 Debris Flows and Slumps 115
Overview 115
Jay A. StraYers
Submarine Debris Flows on Glacier-Influenced Margins: GLORIA Imagery of the Bear Island Fan 118
Julian A. Dowdeswell, Neil H. Kenyon, Jan Sverre Laberg, Anders Elverhei
Glacigenic Mudflows on the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan 120
Kathleen Crane, Peter R. Vogt, Eirik Sundvor
Debris Flow Deposits on a Glacier-Fed Submarine Fan off the Western Barents Sea Continental Shelf 122
Jan Sverre Laberg, Tore O. Vorren
Debris Flows on a Glacial Trough Mouth Fan, Norwegian Channel and North Sea Fan 124
Edward L. King
Submarine Debris Flows on a Glacially-Influenced Basin Plain, Faeroe-Shetland Channel 126
Martyn S. Stoker
A Cross-Section of a Fjord Debris Flow, East Greenland 128
Robert J. Whittington, Frank Niessen
Synsedimentary Faulting in an East Greenland Fjord 130
Frank Niessen, Robert J. Whittington
Staircase Rotational Slides in an Ice-proximal Fjord Setting, East Greenland 132
Robert J. Whittington, Frank Niessen
Glacially-influenced Debris Flow Deposits: East Greenland Slope 134
Andrew B. Stein, James P.M Syvitski
4 Ice Keel Scouring 136
Overview 136
Leonid Polyak
Depth-Dependent Iceberg Plough Marks in the Barents Sea 138
Anders Solheim
Deep Pleistocene Iceberg Plowmarks on the Yennak Plateau 140
Kathleen Crane, Peter R. Vogt, Eirik Sundvor
Buried Ice-scours: 2D vs 3D-Seismic Geomorphology 142
David Long, Daniel Praeg
Iceberg Turbate on Southeastern Baffin Island Shelf, Canada 144
Brian MacLean
Strudel-Scour Craters on Shallow Arctic Prodeltas 146
Vlll
Erk Reimnitz
Ice-Wallow Relief in the Beaufort Sea 148
Erk Reimnitz
Outcrop Morphology of Overconsolidated Mud in the Beaufort Sea 150
Erk Reimnitz
Arctic Ice Gouging and Ice Keel Turbates 152
Peter W. Barnes, Erk Reimnitz
Iceberg Gouges on the Antarctic Shelf 154
Peter W. Barnes
5 Other Features 157
Overview 157
Thomas A. Davies
Gas-Related Sea Floor Depressions 158
Anders Solheim, Anders Elverhoi
Water-Escape Sea Floor Depressions 160
James P. Syvitski
Buried Fluvial Channels: 3D-Seismic Geomorphology 162
Daniel Praeg
Buried Periglacial Drainage Channels on the New Jersey Outer Continental Shelf 164
Thomas A. Davies, James A. Austin, Jr.
PART THREE GLACIMARINE ENVIRONMENTS/GEOMORPIDC PROVINCES 167
Glacimarine Environments/Geomorphic Provinces: Overview 169
Martyn S. Stoker
6 Fjords 173
Seismic and Side-Scan Sonar Investigations of Recent Sedimentation in an Ice-Proximal Glacimarine Setting, Kongsfjorden, North-West
Spitsbergen 175
Robert J. Whittington, Carl Fredrik Forsberg, Julian A. Dowdeswell
Seismic Signature of Glaciomarine Fjord Sediments from Central Norway 179
Dag Ottesen, Kare Rokoengen
Typical Sections Along a Transect ofa Fjord in East Greenland 182
IX
Frank Niessen, Robert J. Whittington
Seismic Account of Ice-Proximal Sediments in a Small Glacial Inlet: Vikingebugt, Central East Greenland 186
Kris Vanneste, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben
The Seismic Record of Glaciation in Nachvak Fiord, Northern Labrador 190
Trevor Bell, Heiner Josenhans
Growth of a Grounding-Line Fan at Muir Glacier, Southeast Alaska 194
Keith C. Seramur, Ellen A. Cowan, Ross D. Powell, Paul R Carlson
Glacial Marine Seismic Facies in a Southern Chilean Fjord 198
Jana L. DaSilva, John B. Anderson
7 Continental Shelves 203
A Surge Affected, Tidewater Glacier Environment 205
Anders Solheim
Glacigenic Sedimentation and Late Neogene Climate Pattern 209
Allen Lowrie, Karl Hinz
Glacigenic Features and Shelf Basin Stratigraphy of the Eastern Gulf of Maine 213
Tania S. Bacchus, Daniel F Belknap
Glacial and Glaciomarine Sedimentation: Halibut Channel, Grand Banks of Newfoundland 217
K. Moran, G.B.J. Fader
Morphology and Stratigraphy Related to the Nearshore Boundary of the Stamukhi Zone 222
Peter W. Barnes, Erk Reimnitz
Larsen Shelf, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula Continental Margin 224
Benjamin J. Sloan, Lawrence A. Lawver
Iceberg Plough Marks, Subglacial Bedforms and Grounding Zone Moraines in Prydz Bay, Antarctica 228
P.E. O'Brien, G. Leitchenkov, P. T. Harris
Current and Glacial Erosion on the Shelf off Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica 232
P. T. Harris, P.E. 0 'Brien
Till Sheets on the Ross Sea Continental Shelf, Antarctica 235
Stephanie Shipp, John B. Anderson
Seismic Correlation Between CIROS-I and MSSTS-l Drill Holes, Ross Sea, Antarctica 238
Giuliano Brancolini, Franco Coren
8 Glacial Troughs 243
Bering Trough: a Product of the Bering Glacier, Gulf of Alaska 244
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