Get Ready for A&P (Anatomy and Physiology)

269 Pages·2009·0.6 MB·English

by  Lori K. Garrett

COMPANION WEBSITE
• Pre- and Post-Tests with
Lori K. Garrett feedback and Study Plan
• Activities, Animations,
and Tutorials
• eBook
Second Edition
DEDICATION
This book is for all my students, who continually educate me about life and love, and who
make teaching so very enjoyable.
I dedicate this book, the now-pickled tip of my left pinkie that I sacrificed during the first
edition, and more than a bit of my heart to john Hoagland, for taking care of me, believing
in me, and sticking around. Finally, I want to add a note in loving memory to Danielle Nicole,
who wasn't here to help me type this edition.
Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant
Development Manager: Barbara Yien
Project Editor: Sabrina Larson
Media Editor: Erik Fortier
Assistant Editor: Nicole Graziano
Managing Editor: Wendy Earl
Production Supervisor: Sharon Montooth
Cartoonist: Kevin Opstedal
Cover Artist: Chris Lochinski
Text Designer: Seventeenth Street Studios
Cover Designer: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group
Photo Researcher: Travis Amos
Compositor: The Left Coast Group
Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo
Learning Styles Assessment on pages 5-7
©MarciaL. Conner, www.agelesslearner.com
Copyright© 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
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Benjamin Cummings
is an imprint of
ISBN 10: 0-321-55695-X; ISBN 13:978-0-321-55695-0
PEARSON
56789-CRS-121110
www.pearsonhighered.com Manufactured in the United States of America.
Contents
1 STUDY SKILLS
THE PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF A HUMAN BRAIN
Why Should I Study Anatomy and Physiology? 3
Learning Styles 4
Getting Ready 10
Lecture 15
Taking Notes 17
In the Lab 20
Outside of Class 21
The Study Group 29
How to Read a Textbook 30
The Study Environment 33
Study Time 35
Test Taking 39
Individual Accountability 45
2 BASIC MATH REVIEW
CRUNCHING THE NUMBERS 49
Math in Science so
Basic Math Operations 51
Finding the Mean 53
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 55
Calculating Your Grade 66
Understanding Exponents 68
Ratios and Proportions 69
The Metric System 73
Basic Measurement 80
Tables, Graphs, and Charts 85
3 TERMINOLOGY
YOU SAY HUMERUS, I SAY FUNNY BONE 93
Understanding the Language 94
Types of Terms 98
Building Descriptive Terms 103
Combining Word Roots 109
The Anatomical Position 111
Basic Anatomical Terminology 114
iV
CONTENTS
4 BODY BASICS
THE HIP BONE'S CONNECTED TO THE 125
The Biological Hierarchy of Organization 126
Basic Biological Rules 130
Tissues 146
Organs 148
Organ Systems 149
5 CHEMISTRY
THE SCIENCE OF STUFF 159
Matter 161
Elements and Chemical Reactions 163
Atomic Structure 165
Periodic Table of Elements 170
Chemical Interactions 175
Chemical Bonding 177
Electrolytes and pH 189
Inorganic Compounds 191
Organic Compounds 192
Chemical Reactions 200
Chemistry and Energy 203
6 CELL BIOLOGY
LIFE'S LITTLE FACTORIES 207
Cell Theory 209
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 213
The Cell Membrane 215
Cell Organelles 220
Movement Processes 229
The Cell Cycle 24?
Meiosis 246
ANSWER KEY 251
INDEX 255
CREDITS 261
Preface for Students
Welcome to the fascinating world of anatomy to succeed. This chapter helps you focus and
and physiology! Most students take A&P manage your time so you can first find time to
because they have to-it's a required part of study, then use your study time effectively.
their educational curriculum. But I hope you After exploring different learning styles you
quickly discover how amazing the human can assess which style best fits you, then dis
body is and become intent on learning all cover specific study strategies that compliment
that you possibly can about it. After all, you your preferred style. You'll assess your current
are one! habits as a student and learn specific tips and
For many reasons, students sometimes do strategies to help you study better. Specific tips
not succeed in their first anatomy and physiol will help you write your notes, read textbooks,
ogy class. If you're reading this Preface, you and take tests.
probably have a strong desire to succeed, and Chapter 2 covers basic math skills. Anatomy
you know the competition for admission into and physiology are sciences, and all science
numerous educational programs is increasing. involves at least some math. This chapter takes
You are likely keenly aware that you can't just you from basic math operations through read
pass your classes-you need to do quality ing and interpreting numerical information in
work and truly master the course content. This graphs and tables-the math you'll need for a
book offers you the opportunity to enhance head start in your course.
your performance in this rigorous course. It is Many of the words in your A&P class will
designed to help you gear up to be successful. sound foreign to you, and well they should!
You may be using this book before your Most of the terms come from Latin or Greek.
course officially begins. Your instructor may Knowing the terms underlies all aspects of
have assigned it to you as homework during learning in this class. In Chapter 3, Terminol
the first week or two of class. Perhaps you are ogy, we look at how the words are built and
using it on your own and will come back to it learn some simple tricks that will rapidly
periodically throughout the semester as you expand your A&P vocabulary and have you
move along in your course. However you use talking like a pro!
it, the purpose of the book remains the same. The second half of the book gets more spe
The goal is to help you get a strong start in cific and parallels some of what you will cover
anatomy and physiology, and to master the in the first few chapters of your A&P textbook.
material not just for exams, but for your In Chapter 4, we cover body basics: some gen
future as well. Get Ready for A&P contains six eral biological principles that guide how the
relatively short and interactive chapters that body works, and a quick overview of each
engage you every step of the way. You'll read, organ system. You'll begin to understand how
but you'll also frequently do activities. your body is arranged and how the different
The book starts with basic study skills in systems function.
Chapter 1. As with any course, you will get In Chapter 5, we tackle some basic chem
out of A&P what you put into it, and it will istry. This chapter gives you the basics, from
take significant time and effort on your part atoms to organic molecules. We discuss some
Vi
PREFACE
neat tricks for gaining information from the • Reality Check assesses whether you really
Periodic Table, and see how atoms join together "got" the material.
to form molecules. If you can understand
• Keys highlight main themes or statements
bumper cars, you can understand bonding!
for reinforcement and easy review.
Finally, in Chapter 6, we explore cells. We
are made of trillions of them, and almost • Running Words list key terms from the
everything that happens in our bodies occurs chapter to help you start your own running
inside our cells. We discuss basic cell struc vocabulary list by writing each term in a
ture, the cell life cycle, and cell reproduction. notebook, then defining it.
Now that you know the roadmap for this
• What Did You Learn? end-of-chapter
book, let's explore the stops you'll find along
quizzes may include short answer, multiple
the way. Here are the special features in each
choice, or matching exercises. The answers
chapter, designed to keep you involved and to
appear at the end of the book.
make you a better student in A&P:
• Your Starting Point tests your grasp of the Finally, check out the online companion
chapter content before you start. Answers site for Get Ready for A & P, where you can
are provided for all of these except in study and quiz yourself with interactive tutori
Chapter 1, where the answers are personal. als, quizzes, animations, flashcards, and an
audio glossary.
• Quick Check asks you to recall or apply
I wrote Get Ready for A&P in a conversa
what you just read, to keep your eyes from
tional tone because that is how I teach and
scanning the page while your brain is on
because science is too often turned boring
vacation. Answers are provided on the
by boring presentation. Science shouldn't be
same page.
stuffy-it should be fun! Learning should be
• Picture This asks you to visualize scenarios peppered with giggles, salted with silliness,
and then answer questions about them to and dotted with AhHA! moments. Some
help you better understand the topics. times it seems the terminology alone can put
you in a trance, so why should the style?
• Time to Try is a simple experiment or
Now it's time to dig in. So get comfortable,
quick assessment in which you perform
and Get Ready for A&P!
an active exercise to provide hands-on
learning.
• Why Should I Care? highlights the rele
vance of the material so you understand its
importance in the big picture.
vii
PREFACE
Preface for Instructors
For some time, we've all grappled with the active reading, and concept maps, for ex
same problem: too many students entering ample; new topics include sleep deprivation
our classrooms fail, often through no fault of and memory, and minimizing stress and test
their own. At every conference I attend, in anxiety.
structors lament the low A&P retention rates. Not all students are deficient in math, but
As teachers, we want all of our students to suc most will benefit from the quick review of
ceed-we hope our work has value and that fered in Chapter 2 (Basic Math), which now
their successes reflect well on us. As my col includes calculating grades and examples of
league puts it, they may be our future health good and poor graph design. Chapter 3
care providers-! hope they learned some (Terminology) teaches students how to deci
thing! With retention numbers under increas pher those long terms we throw at them and
ing scrutiny on campuses, instructors must stresses the importance of understanding the
look harder at what issues hinder student suc language. They'll get plenty of practice using
cess and then address them. Several factors roots, prefixes, and suffixes to define and build
contribute to the low success rates in A&P, and terms. Chapter 4 (Body Basics) covers univer
Get Ready for A&P takes many of these into sal biological principles governing physiology
account. I wrote this book because an increas and now also includes positive feedback.
ing number of my students were entering my In response to reviewers' requests, most
A&P course with limited study skills and in additions are in Chapter 5 (Chemistry) and
sufficient background in science and math. My Chapter6 (Cells}, which cover content students
goal was to write a book that could help stu should know before coming to us. New to
dents get up to speed in these areas. Whether Chapter 5 are electrolytes and pH, monomers
your students are deficient in study skills or and polymers, and dehydration synthesis and
academic background, Get Ready for A&P is hydrolysis; the discussion of basic organic com
their solution. pounds has expanded. Chapter 6 now includes
If you read the Preface for Students, you peroxisomes, hypo- and hypertonic solutions,
know the basics about the book. It's written in a DNA replication, and an overview of meiosis.
friendly, conversational style to help students The Get Ready for A&P website offers a
feel comfortable with science. It's also rich in diagnostic test and a follow-up test, chapter
pedagogical features that cater to most learning pre-and post-tests, animations, tutorials, activ
styles and keep students actively engaged. Each ities, and useful web resources to further stu
of Get Ready for A&P's six chapters starts at a dent learning in their preferred environment
very basic level and builds the knowledge online. We've updated the Second Edition
base from there, bringing all of your students website to include more tutorials and activities.
to common ground. For many students, Chap Finally, we've expanded the online assess
ter 1-Study Skills-is the most important. ment options for the Second Edition, provid
They'll learn how to be active, engaged learn ing you with two versions of the diagnostic
ers, to use resources efficiently, and to be test, the cumulative test, and the chapter pre
accountable for their performance. For the and post-tests to use in your course manage
Second Edition, I expanded Chapter 1 to in ment system, allowing you to assess your
clude more about learning styles, goal-setting, students' progress.
Viii
PREFACE
But, you may ask, "How can I incorporate Course. The ten lessons include reading assign
this book into my curriculum?" I know your ments from the book, lecture screens, exercises,
semester is packed, but the advantages this online discussions, and gradable assignments.
book provides your students make it well Each lesson is highly interactive and engaging
worth adding. The book's small size and inter for today's students and includes "Check Your
active format make it easy for your students to Understanding" screens for self-assessment
work through Get Ready in very little time. through activities ranging from bowling and
Many instructors prefer that their students fin crossword puzzles to more traditional match
ish Get Ready before starting A&P. If your ing and multiple-choice questions. Get Ready
school has a pre-A&P course, Get Ready is a Online is fully customizable, making it ideal for
perfect companion for it. Is there a prerequi Get Ready workshops or pre-A&P courses. Use
site to your A&P class? Make Get Ready part of the online course as is or modify it to meet
that course as a platform for launching more your needs-add your own material or remove
in-depth lectures or assignments outside of what you don't want. It can easily be blended
class. Other instructors suggest Get Ready into a preexisting course, too. This online
workshops before students enter A&P or at the course was developed from carefully selected
beginning of a semester-perhaps requiring it lesson and course objectives aligned with
for students who've been out of school awhile Bloom's taxonomy to ensure that your students
or who have weak science or academic back benefit greatly while having fun. For more
grounds. information about the Get Ready
Many instructors use Get Ready during the for A&P Online course, visit http://www.
A&P course. Some instructors simply have the pearsonls.com/getready.
book available in the bookstore, while others Ancillary materials for A&P abound-and
list it as "recommended" or "optional" for the many are excellent-but almost none address
A&P class. Students can work through it on our most pressing problem: student deficien
their own time and turn in the end-of-chapter cies. We assume they can study, but in reality
quizzes. You might give them the first week or many of our students neither learned how to
two to complete the book. Some instructors, study nor were ever required to do so. We
for example, assign the assessments or the know they come with some science back
diagnostic test on the companion website ground from high school, yet they often recall
either for homework or as extra credit. Alter little. Too many of our students struggle daily,
natively, consider using Get Ready throughout yet make little progress. Our frustration pales
the semester. I recommend Chapters 1 and 2 compared to theirs. For many of them, failing
for the first week, then Chapters 3 and 4 dur A&P can end their hopes of a future career by
ing the second week-their content parallels blocking their admission into a desired pro
the first chapter of most A&P textbooks. If you gram or by instilling the belief that, for them, a
cover basic chemistry, assign Chapter 5 of Get college degree is unobtainable. And for us-how
Ready for preparation, and then assign Chap nice it would be to begin class with our stu
ter 6 when you discuss cell structure and func dents all at a common starting point! I wrote
tion in class. You can also make assignments Get Ready for A&P to give all of our students
from Get Ready's companion website. an equal chance from the beginning and a fair
Because many of today's students prefer on shot at a promising future.
line courses, and to keep your life simple, we've Lori Garrett
also launched a Get Ready for A&P Online
Acknowledgments
What do you mean, Second Edition? I remem also thank the Pearson Course Connect
ber thinking that when my good pal, Serina Team-David Daniels, Erik Styles, and Dawn
Beauparlant, told me it was time to get back to Stapert-for helping me develop the online
work on this. It didn't seem very long ago that Get Ready for A&P course and opening new
I wrote the first one. And when I thought doors for our students.
about the positive responses we've had to the With the greatest respect, I thank Serina
first edition, part of me said "Don't mess with Beauparlant for keeping me off the streets
it-you'll screw it up!" but off we went. I have sometimes I forget which job is my full-time
to thank all the first edition team-Claire day gig! Serina, you make me feel invaluable
Alexander, Jessica Brunner, Travis Amos, Ran and have been remarkably accommodating.
dall Goodall, and Seventeenth Street Studio, Your dedication is amazing-who else would
without whom there would have been no travel to Illinois on the most brutal day of win
need for a second edition. ter when all businesses, schools, and many
This time around, some veterans returned roads are closed to visit an author? You go above
to help keep me in line. I again thank Wendy and beyond, not just for me, but for all of your
Earl for her excellent management (I can be a authors, and your dedication to improving edu
tad unruly), copyediting, and gentle guidance cation is inspiring. I'm thrilled to have you as a
with ever encroaching deadlines. Wendy, business partner, but even more so as a very
thanks for the long-distance hand-holding dear friend. Whether we're talking politics or
near the end. I again thank Kevin Opstedal for production deadlines, I always enjoy it.
drawing more great cartoons to keep this fun I thank all of the students and instructors
for us all. And I thank Erik Fortier for his hard whom I've had the pleasure of meeting either
work on the companion website through its online or at conferences and workshops since
many renditions to date-with more to come the first edition came out, who have reaf
... I know, I know. .. firmed for me the need and value of this proj
I also had the pleasure of working with ect. I thank the excellent reviewers of the first
Sabrina Larson. Sabrina, any woman who eats edition for their positive responses and for
beignets heaped with powdered sugar at 7:30 providing keen insight and advice on ways I
AM at Cafe du Monde while wearing a dark could make Get Ready even more than it
business suit and remains poised and tidy already was. Finally, I again acknowledge my
through the entire ordeal earns a special place family at Parkland College. I thank my stu
in my heart! Thanks for trying to make this all dents for doing their jobs well so I look good
easy for me. I also thank Sharon Montooth for in mine. I thank Dean Janet Redenbaugh for
her hard work overseeing the production her constant support of all my undertakings
phase, especially when we were trying to and for keeping our division the happiest
squeeze too much within the covers. I am place on campus, and I thank John Hoagland
eternally thankful for Nicole Graziano who is for putting up with all the insanity and chaos
always there at Benjamin Cummings, calmly in my life (although, in fairness, he creates
holding the place together behind the scenes. much of it!)
Thanks, too, to Frank, who keeps all of our
encounters entertaining and memorable. I -Lori
X REVIEWERS
REVIEWERS
Kim Anthony Aaronson Jody Johnson
Truman College, Harold Washington College, Arapahoe Community College
Columbia College
Stephen Lebsack
Kathleen Azevedo Linn Benton Community College
Las Positas College
Karen M. MacKenzie
Chester P. Cooper Greenville Technical College
Odessa College
Ken Malachowsky
Jose L. Fierro Florence-Darlington Technical College
Florida Community College at Jacksonville
William McCracken
Anthony Gaudin Tallahassee Community College
Ivy Tech Community College-Columbus
Claire Miller
Chaya Gopalan Community College of Denver
St. Louis Community College at Florissant
Kerry Smith
Valley
Oakland Community College
Judy Harris
MaryWeis
Kennebec Valley Community College
Collin County Community College
Jacqueline Homan
South Plains College