Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and ... of Power Vol 5 (Germany & Second World War)

1258 Pages·2000·11.817 MB·English

by  Bernhard R. Kroener (editor), Rolf-Dieter Muller (editor), Hans Umbreit (editor)

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Crete DodecaneseI. Cyprus BEIRUT Damatsecursr.) I R A Q
GERMANY AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR
V/1
Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power
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Germany
and the
Second World War
Edited by the
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
(Research Institute for Military History),
Potsdam, Germany
VOLUME V
Organization and Mobilization
of the German Sphere of Power
PART 1
Wartime administration,economy,
and manpower resources 1939–1941
BERNHARD R. KROENER
ROLF-DIETER MÜLLER
HANS UMBREIT
Translated by
JOHN BROWNJOHN
PATRICIA CRAMPTON
EWALD OSERS
LOUISE WILLMOT
Translation editor
EWALD OSERS
CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD
2000
3
Great Clarendon Street,Oxford OX26DP
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First published 2000
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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ISBN 0-19-822887-2
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Typeset by Best-set Typesetter Ltd.,Hong Kong
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
T.J.International Ltd.,Padstow,Cornwall
Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi
LIST OF TABLES xvii
NOTES ON THE AUTHORS xxi
NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION xxiii
ABBREVIATIONS xxiv
GLOSSARY OF FOREIGN TERMS xliv
INTRODUCTION 1
PART I
Towards Continental Dominion
BY HANS UMBREIT 9
I. PLANS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF OCCUPIED
TERRITORIES BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR 11
II. STAGES IN THE TERRITORIAL ‘NEW ORDER’
IN EUROPE 22
1. Germany’s Expansion by ‘Peaceful’and Warlike Means 22
(a) Austria 22
(b) Sudetenland 24
(c) Bohemia and Moravia 32
(d) Poland 41
(e) Denmark 62
(f) Norway 66
(g) Western Europe:Luxemburg,the Netherlands, 71
Belgium,France
(h) Yugoslavia and Greece 92
(i) The Occupied Soviet Territories 99
2. Structures of the German Sphere of Power 121
3. Lack of Uniformity in Administration 129
4. Hitler’s Europe 151
III. THE PREFERRED ‘NEW ORDER’: TERRITORIES
ANNEXED DE JURE ANDDE FACTO 168
vi Contents
IV. ADMINISTRATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF THE
GERMAN SPHERE OF POWER 203
1. Direct Exercise of Rule and Supervisory Administration 203
2. Legislation and Jurisdiction 213
3. Securing the Occupied Territories by Police and Military Means 223
V. THE EXPLOITATION OF THE OCCUPIED
TERRITORIES 253
1. The Economic ‘New Order’ 253
2. Pillage and Methodical Exploitation 260
3. Attainment of Financial Advantage 298
4. Recruitment of Labour 307
VI. GERMAN RULE IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES:
PRETENSIONS AND REALITY 314
1. The ‘Master Race’and ‘Ethnic Aliens’:German Racial Policy 314
(a) Ethnic Germans 314
(b) Slavs 317
(c) Prisoners of War 327
(d) Refugees 331
(e) Jews 333
2. German Propaganda in the Occupied Territories 349
3. Aspirations towards Cultural Hegemony 362
4. Material Hardships and Hunger 376
VII. COLLABORATION AND RESISTANCE 384
PART II
The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims
BY ROLF-DIETER MÜLLER 405
I. PREPARATIONS FOR TOTAL WAR 407
II. IMPROVISATION IN LIEU OF PLANNING:
THE ‘TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY’ 424
1. The Abortive Mobilization of September 1939 424
2. The Claim to Military Primacy 430
3. Curbed Reorientation and the Decentralization of
Industrial Production 436
4. Polycentrism as a Product of Indecision in the National Socialist
Regime 448
5. Initial Effects and Consequences of the Blockade 457
Contents vii
(a) The Organization of Wartime Foreign Trade and the
Inception of Economic Warfare 457
(b) The ‘Food War’ 462
III. MAKESHIFT SOLUTIONS IN SPRING 1940 474
1. The ‘Ammunition Crisis’:Renewed Mobilization Efforts and
Administrative Compromises 474
2. The Allocation of Raw Materials as a Means of Controlling
Armaments 495
(a) Coal 503
(b) Petroleum 504
(c) Iron and Steel 506
3. The First Closure Campaign 513
4. Todt in the Ascendant 526
5. The Formation of the Reich Ministry for Arms and Ammunition 540
IV. THE VICTOR’S HUBRIS: GERMANY LOSES ITS LEAD
IN ARMAMENTS AFTER THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN 564
1. Mobilization Discontinued Once More 564
2. Adjustment to a Postwar Economy 569
3. Continental Europe in the Service of the German War Economy 576
4. The Reorientation of Arms Manufacture:Shortages and Priorities 581
V. THE CRIPPLING OF ARMAMENTS PRODUCTION 604
1. The Struggle for Control of the Armaments Industry 604
2. The Second Closure Campaign:Intensified Mobilization in
Favour of Armaments Begins in Spring 1941 621
3. Hitler Turns East 629
VI. THE ROAD INTO CRISIS 641
1. Todt’s Initiative in the Summer of 1941 641
2. Readjustment to a ‘War of Endurance’? 647
3. The New Redirection of Armaments in July 1941 652
4. Upheavals in the Domestic Economy 666
5. Limits of Economic Expansion 679
6. Waiting for a Solution 684
7. Göring’s Last Appearance as Economic Dictator 701
8. Starting-point for Armaments in 1942 708
VII. BEGINNINGS OF A REORGANIZATION OF THE WAR
ECONOMY AT THE TURN OF 1941/1942 722
1. The Search for New Outlooks 722
2. The End of the Military Command Economy 758
3. From Todt to Speer 773