Table Of ContentGermany and the Holy
Roman Empire
BY
JOACHIM WHALEY
VOLUME 2
FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO
–
THE DISSOLUTION OF THE REICH 1648 1806
1
3
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For Alice
Acknowledgements
I have incurred numerous debts during my work on this project and it is my
pleasuretorecordsomeofthemhere.Thelistofinstitutionsmaybecomplete,but
IhavenodoubtthatIhaveoverlookedmanyindividualsandIshouldapologizeto
thematthispoint.
The British Academy provided me witha generous Wolfson European Fellow-
ship when I started work, which enabled me to spend time at the Herzog August
Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel. Book and research grants provided by Gonville and
Caius College, Cambridge have been invaluable at every stage. The College also
generously awarded me an additional grant towards the cost of the index. I am
gratefultotheElectorsoftheTiarksGermanScholarshipFund,whokindlyagreed
topayforthemapsandtohelpwithothercostsIincurredintheproductionofthe
manuscript.AgenerousgrantfromtheNewtonTrusthelpedmeinthefinalstages
ofcheckingthemanuscriptforsubmissionandpreparingitforpublication.
Among themany peoplewhohave givenmehelpandencouragement overthe
years, I should like to thank the following: Geoff Bailey, Derek Beales, Ilya
Bercovich, Tim Blanning, Nicholas Boyle, Annabel Brett, Anita Bunyan, Paul
Castle,StephanieChan,ChristopherClark,ChristopheDuhamelle,RichardDun-
can-Jones,RichardEvans,StephenFennell,AxelGotthard,thelateTrevorJohnson,
Andreas Klinger, Charlotte Lee, Neil McKendrick, Ian Maclean, Alison Martin,
SharonNevill,Barry Nisbet, SheilaghOgilvie, WilliamO’Reilly,MichaelParkin,
Roger Paulin, the late Volker Press, Ritchie Robertson, Heinz Schilling, Anton
Schindling, Alexander Schmidt, Georg Schmidt, Luise Schorn-Schütte, Brendan
Simms, Ingrid Sindermann-Mittmann, Gareth Stedman Jones, Mikuláš Teich,
AliceTeichova,Andrew Thompson,MaikenUmbach,HelenWatanabe-O’Kelly,
SiegridWestphal,PeterWilson,CharlotteWoodford,andChrisYoung.
My work would not have been possible without the assistance of the staff
of the Cambridge University Library. In particular, David Lowe and Christian
Staufenbiel have been absolutely marvellous. I have much appreciated Christian’s
willingnesstorespondto(fartoomany)e-mailsmarked‘urgent’andthespeedwith
whichhehassooftenmadeitpossibleformetoconsultanewlyacquiredbook.He
andDavidLowetogethermaketheUniversityLibrarysurelyoneofthebestplaces
intheworldtopursueresearch inGermanstudies.
At Gonville and Caius College, Yvonne Holmes, Wendy Fox and Louise Mills
haveprovidedassistanceatcrucialpoints.ThecombinedeffortsofHarveyBarker,
Maki Lam, Matt Lee, and Richard Pettit in the College Computer Office have
ensuredthatIdidnotonoccasiondeletelargepartsofthetextbymistakeandthey
rescuedmepromptly,andwithgreatgoodhumour,fromalltoomany‘computer
crises’. In the Caius library, Mark Statham and Sonia Londero have always been
unfailinglyhelpful.
Acknowledgements vii
IamgratefultoPhilipSticklerandDavidWatsonoftheCambridgeUniversity
Department of Geography Cartographic Unit for their help in devising the maps
whichaccompanyeachvolume.
At Oxford University Press, I would like to thank my wonderfully helpful
Commissioning Editor Stephanie Ireland, and Production Editor Emma Barber.
Elizabeth Stone (copy-editor) and Fiona Barry (proofreader) have also been most
thoroughandefficient.
Robert Evans invited me to undertake this project and he has been constantly
supportiveeversince.Hehasalsobeenextremelypatientinawaitingtheoutcome.
Iamdeeplygratefultohimforhistrustinmeandforthecareandattentionwith
which he read various sections of the text over the years and then the draft of the
wholemanuscriptinthesummerof2010.
Among many more personal debts, I amgrateful toDavid Theobald and Peter
Crabbe for cups of tea and diverting conversations about things other than ‘the
book’,andtotheReverendMargaretMabbs,whoaskedeveryyear.
Mygreatestdebt,asthededicationindicates,istoAlice.
JoachimWhaley
Cambridge
31.x.11
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Contents
ANoteonTerminologyandUsage xii
ANoteonMapsandOnlineResources xiv
Abbreviations xvi
ListofMaps xvii
Maps xix,xxi
IntroductiontoVolume2:FromthePeaceofWestphaliatotheDissolution
oftheReichin1806 xxiii
I. RECONSTRUCTION AND RESURGENCE, 1648–1705:
THE REICH UNDER FERDINAND III AND LEOPOLD I
1. HistoriansandtheReichaftertheThirtyYearsWar 3
2. TheLastYearsofFerdinandIII:WesternLeaguesandNorthernWars 10
3. FromFerdinandIIItoLeopoldI 18
4. LeopoldIandhisForeignEnemies 28
5. ANewTurkishThreat 42
6. RenewedConflictwithFrance 46
7. TheEmperor,thePerpetualReichstag,theKreise,andImperialJustice 53
8. ImperialNetworks:theReichskircheandtheImperialCities 66
9. TheImperialCourtatViennaandDynasticElevationsintheReich 70
10. TheNatureoftheReich:ProjectsandCulture 79
11. InterpretationsoftheLeopoldineReich 95
II. CONSOLIDATION AND CRISIS, 1705–1740:
THE REICH UNDER JOSEPH I AND CHARLES VI
12. TwoWarsandThreeEmperors 105
13. LeopoldI,JosephI,andtheWarofSpanishSuccession 108
14. JosephIandtheGovernmentoftheReich 120
15. CharlesVI:FruitionorDecline? 129
16. ConflictingPriorities:c.1714–c.1730 136
17. CharlesVIandtheGovernmentoftheReich 142
18. TheReturnofConfessionalPolitics? 150
19. TheProblemoftheAustrianSuccession 158
20. TheEbbofImperialPower,1733–1740? 163
21. TheReichinPrint 169
x Contents
III. THE GERMAN TERRITORIES, c.1648–c.1760
22. AnAgeofAbsolutism? 187
23. ContemporaryPerceptions:FromReconstructionto
EarlyEnlightenment 192
24. TheSmallerTerritories 202
25. AustriaandBrandenburg-Prussia 213
26. TheRevivaloftheCourtandtheDevelopmentof
TerritorialGovernment 221
27. TheCourt:ItsCulture,itsFunctions,anditsCritics 224
28. TheDevelopmentofMilitaryPower 234
29. PrincesandEstates 241
30. AnOppressedPeasantry? 249
31. GovernmentandSociety 257
32. GovernmentandEconomicDevelopment 270
33. PublicandPrivateEnterprise 277
34. ChristianPolities:BaroqueCatholicism 287
35. ChristianPolities:TheTerritoriesoftheReichskirche 299
36. ChristianPolities:ProtestantOrthodoxyandRenewal 307
37. FromCoexistencetoToleration? 322
38. EnlightenmentandPatriotism 330
IV. DECLINE OR MATURITY? THE REICH FROM
CHARLES VII TO LEOPOLD II, c. 1740–1792
39. ThreeEmperorsandaKing 347
40. SilesianWars,1740–1763 352
41. ManagingtheReichwithouttheHabsburgs:CharlesVII(1742–1745) 366
42. TheReturnoftheHabsburgs:FrancisI(1745–1765) 379
43. TheReichwithoutEnemies?GermanyandEurope,1763–1792 393
44. Renewal:JosephII,1765–c.1776 409
45. TheGreatReformDebate:JosephII,c.1778–1790 417
46. Restoration:LeopoldII,1790–1792 427
47. CentralandIntermediateInstitutionsoftheReich 432
48. TheReich,thePublicSphere,andtheNation 438
V. THE GERMAN TERRITORIES AFTER c. 1760
49. EnlightenmentandtheProblemofReform 447
50. CrisisandOpportunity 453
Contents xi
51. TheChallengeoftheEnlightenmentandthePublicSphere 460
52. Protestant,Catholic,andJewishAufklärung 470
53. AufklärungandGovernment 485
54. Cameralism,Physiocracy,andtheProvisioningofSociety 494
55. EconomicPolicy:Manufactures,Guilds,Welfare,andTaxation 503
56. Administration,Law,andJustice 513
57. EducationandToleration 517
58. CourtsandCulture 527
59. TheImpactofReform:ImmunityagainstRevolution? 542
VI. WAR AND DISSOLUTION: THE REICH, 1792–1806
60. RupturesandContinuities 557
61. TheReichintheRevolutionaryWars 565
62. ReverberationsoftheFrenchRevolutionintheReich:
UnrestandUprisings 583
63. ReverberationsoftheFrenchRevolutionintheReich:Intellectuals 592
64. SchemesfortheReformoftheReichinthe1790s 602
65. ThePeaceofLunéville(1801)andthe
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss(1803) 614
66. TheTransformationoftheReich,1803–1805 623
67. FinalAttemptsatReformandtheDissolutionoftheReich,1806 636
Conclusion 645
GlossaryofGermanandotherTerms 651
Bibliography 657
Index 719
