Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Ravi Sundaram
Jagdish Telangrao Shahu
Vasant Havanagi Editors
Geotechnics for
Transportation
Infrastructure
Recent Developments, Upcoming
Technologies and New Concepts,
Volume 2
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Volume 29
Series Editors
Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of
Athens, Greece
SanjayKumarShukla,SchoolofEngineering,EdithCowanUniversity,Joondalup,
WA, Australia
Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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(cid:129) Geotechnical Engineering
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(cid:129) Coastal Engineering
(cid:129) Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
(cid:129) Environmental Engineering and Sustainability
(cid:129) Structural Health and Monitoring
(cid:129) Surveying and Geographical Information Systems
(cid:129) Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
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Ravi Sundaram Jagdish Telangrao Shahu
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Vasant Havanagi
Editors
Geotechnics
for Transportation
Infrastructure
Recent Developments, Upcoming
Technologies and New Concepts, Volume 2
123
Editors
RaviSundaram Jagdish Telangrao Shahu
CengrsGeotechnica Pvt.Ltd. Department ofCivil Engineering
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
NewDelhi, Delhi, India
Vasant Havanagi
Geotechnical Engineering Division
CSIR Central Road Research Institute
NewDelhi, Delhi, India
ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin CivilEngineering
ISBN978-981-13-6712-0 ISBN978-981-13-6713-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6713-7
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Foreword
Transportation Geotechnics has evolved as an important discipline in geotechnical
engineeringcontributingtodesignandconstructionofhighways,railways,airports
and metro-rail facilities. In order to strengthen and promote work in this area, the
International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
has constituted a Technical Committee, designated as TC-202 on Transportation
Geotechnics.
As a fast-growing economy, Indian developments in “Transportation
Geotechnics” have been substantial. The accelerated pace of infrastructure con-
struction, particularly highways, railways, metro-lines and airport runways has
pushed up the need for advanced design and construction methodologies. In the
designandconstructionoftransportationinfrastructureinurbanareas,geotechnical
engineers face many difficult problems related to ground conditions, geology,
groundwater, the presence of adjacent structures, etc. In mountainous and hilly
areas,constructionofroadsthrowschallengesofhill-slopestability,landslidesand
safety issues.
To strengthen and promote work on this subject, Indian Geotechnical Society
(IGS) organized the International Symposium on Geotechnics for Transportation
Infrastructure (ISGTI 2018) in April 2018 under the aegis of TC-202. While
commemorating 70 years of Indian Geotechnical Society’s accomplishments,
ISGTI 2018 served as a significant platform for academic exploration, experience
exchangeandthought-inspirationamongstpractitioners,researchers,academicsand
students. The goal was to apply broad engineering principles to bridge the gap
between pavement and railway engineering and geotechnical engineering.
Thispublication, intwovolumes,compiles thelatestresearch and development
on geotechnical aspects of design, construction, maintenance, monitoring and
upgrading of roads, railways, metro-lines and other transportation infrastructure.
v
vi Foreword
Icongratulatetheeditorsforthecompilationofcontributionsfromvariousauthors,
and I am sure that it will lead to a better understanding of the subject, making this
publication a valuable treatise on Transportation Geotechnics.
Bengaluru, India G. L. Sivakumar Babu
President, Indian Geotechnical Society
Professor, Indian Institute of Science
Preface
Transportation Geotechnics encompasses various disciplines of civil engineering
such as pavement engineering, bridge engineering, hill area development, under-
groundstructuresandgeosynthetics.Itisanimportantaspectintheconstructionof
roadandrailwaypavementsandembankments,metrofacilities,waterways,airports
and pipelines.
To bring together professional experts including academicians, students, con-
sultants and practising engineers on the subject on a common platform, Indian
Geotechnical Society organized the International Symposium on Transportation
Geotechnics in April 2018 at IIT Delhi.
Papersreceivedfromover100expertsfrom20countrieshavebeencompiledin
this publication to document the latest developments on the subject of
Transportation Geotechnics. It covers nine parts as given below:
PartI:ChallengesinDesignandConstructionofPavementsandEmbankments.
Part II: Design and Construction of High-Speed Railway and Metro Track
Substructures.
Part III: Advances in Waterways and Pipeline Geotechnics.
Part IV: Slope Stability, Landslides, Debris Flows and Avalanches on Hilly
Roads and Remedial Measures.
Part V: Subsurface Sensing, Investigations and Monitoring in Transport
Geotechnics.
Part VI: Use of Geosynthetics and Non-Traditional Materials in Transport
Geotechnics.
Part VII: Transport Geotechnics in Underground Construction.
Part VIII: Ground Improvement Techniques for Transport Geotechnics.
Part IX: Emerging Trends in Transport Geotechnics—Unsaturated Soil
Mechanics, Macro- and Nanotechnology, Climate Change and Sustainability.
Thispublicationispresentedintwovolumes.PartsI–IVarecoveredinVolume1,
and Parts V–IX are included inVolume2.
Volume 2 covering Parts V–IX includes 56 papers and includes the following
expert lectures:
vii
viii Preface
(cid:129) Seasonal Variations in Properties of Expansive Soils along a Railway Corridor
in Western India by Sanjay Gupta.
(cid:129) Analyses and Design of the Highly Jointed Slopes on the Abutments of the
World’s Highest Railway Bridge Across the Chenab River in Jammu and
Kashmir State, India, by T. G. Sitharam.
(cid:129) BridgeFoundationsinStratawithPotentialofLiquefactionbyMaheshTandon.
(cid:129) Geotechnical Design of Underground Infrastructure—Outlining the
Observational Approach by Florian Krenn.
All the articles were subjected to an extensive review. The peer review of the
articles really helped to improve the quality of the research papers. We thankfully
acknowledge the dedicated work of all the reviewers.
We deeply acknowledge the consistent efforts and the support provided by the
publishers for bringing out a quality publication of this volume. We are also
thankful to Maccaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Strata Geosystems
(India) Pvt. Ltd. and various other sponsors and exhibitors for their support and
financial aid.
We hope that this volume, a storehouse of valuable information, will help to
fast-track dissemination of knowledge so that students, researchers, practising
structural, geotechnical and transportation engineers and other professionals defi-
nitelybenefitfromlatestresearchanddevelopmentsinthisspecializedsubject.We
hope the readers will find the proceedings very useful in their day-to-day research
and professional life.
Noida, India Ravi Sundaram
New Delhi, India Jagdish Telangrao Shahu
New Delhi, India Vasant Havanagi
About the International Symposium on
Geotechnics for Transportation Infrastructure
This publication forms the proceedings of the first “International Symposium on
Geotechnics of Transportation Infrastructure (ISGTI 2018)”. The Technical
Committee TC-202 of International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering (ISSMGE) along with Indian Geotechnical Society (IGS) and Indian
InstituteofTechnologyDelhi(IITDelhi)organizedISGTI2018atIITDelhi,New
Delhi,India,on7–8April2018.Thesymposiumwasorganizedincommemoration
of 70 years of formation of IGS. The main part of the symposium was
Transportation Geotechnics for Infrastructure Development.
Around 230 delegates registered for the symposium, out of which 40 delegates
were from abroad representing 28 countries. A total of 185 abstracts were sub-
mitted, out of which finally 115 papers were presented by the delegates. Every
paper was reviewed by two experts, and the authors incorporated the reviewers’
comments and submitted the final paper. The delegates deliberated upon emerging
challenges in the field of transportation geotechnical engineering for 2 days of the
symposium.Sevenawardsweregiventooutstandingpapersbyyounggeotechnical
engineers sponsored by Centre for Geomechanics and Railway Engineering,
University of Wollongong, Australia, and the Symposium Organizing Committee.
The symposium is comprised of 4 plenary sessions consisting of 10 keynote
lectures and2corporatepresentations, 12parallel sessions consisting of11invited
lectures and general paper presentations, and the technical exhibition. The exhibi-
tion had a total of 21 stalls put up by multinational and Indian organizations for
showcasing their products and equipment. Overall, ISGTI was well supported by
sponsors and exhibitors who played a crucial role in making the event a success.
The need for building a strong and stable transportation infrastructure has
becomemorecriticalthaneverforsustainableengineeringpractices.Transportation
Geotechnicsprovidekeyknowledge tobuilding sustainablepavementandrailroad
track infrastructure. With recent major investments expected in road construction
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