Geotechnical Applications for Earthquake Engineering: Research Advancements

293 Pages·2012·15.104 MB·English

by  T.G. Sitharam, T.G. Sitharam

Geotechnical Applications
for Earthquake
Engineering:
Research Advancements
T.G. Sitharam
Indian Institute of Science, India
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Geotechnical applications for earthquake engineering: research advancements / T.G. Sitharam, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This book has collected chapters from experts from around the world in a variety of applications, frameworks,
and methodologies in earthquake engineering, and presents this valuable research in a form that serves as a handy reference
and research guide to practitioners and academics alike”--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-4666-0915-0 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-0916-7 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-0917-4 (print & perpetual
access) 1. Soil mechanics. 2. Engineering geology. 3. Earthquake engineering. I. Sitharam, T. G., 1961-
TA710.G445 2012
624.1’762--dc23
2012000027
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board
P. Anbazhagan, Indian Institute of Science, India
Rajendra Bhandari, CBRI, India
Subhamoy Bhattacharya, University of Bristol, UK
A. Boominathan, Indian Institute of Technology - Madras, India
Andrew Brennan, University of Dundee, UK
R. K. Chadha, National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), India
Deepankar Choudhary, Indian Institute of Technology, India
R. S. Dattatrayam, Seismology Division, India
Stuart Haigh, Cambridge University, UK
Hemanta Hazarika, Kyushu University, Japan
Masayuki Hyodo, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Mohsen Kamalian, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Iran
Myoung Mo Kim, Seoul National University, Korea
Meei-Ling Lin, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Han-long (Dragon) Liu, Hohai University, China
S. P. Gopal Madabhushi, University of Cambridge, UK
M. R. Madhav, ISSMGE, India
Chu Jian Nanyang, Technological University, Singapore
S. K. Nath, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Toshihiro Noda, Nagoya University, Japan
S. K. Prasad, VTU, India
More Ramulu, Central Mining Research Institute, India
Norikazu Shimizu, Chairman, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Berrak Teymur, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
S. Thevanayagam, The University at Buffalo, USA
Hirofumi Toyota, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
Mehmet T. Tumay, ASCE Louisiana State University, USA
Askar Zhussupbekov, National Eurasian University, Kazakhstan
Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................................xiii
Section 1
Chapter 1
Evaluation of Peak Ground Acceleration and Response Spectra
Considering the Local Site Effects: A Probabilistic Logic Tree Approach .............................................1
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
K. S. Vipin, Indian Institute of Science, India
Chapter 2
A Site Specific Study on Evaluation of Design Ground Motion Parameters ........................................18
A. Boominathan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
S. Krishna Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Chapter 3
Analysis of Passive Earth Pressure and Displacements of Retaining Walls
Using Pseudo-Dynamic Approach ........................................................................................................43
B. Munwar Basha, Indian Institute of Science, India
G. L. Sivakumar, BabuIndian Institute of Science, India
Chapter 4
Cyclic Pore Pressure Generation, Dissipation and Densification in Granular Mixes ...........................66
S. Thevanayagam, University at Buffalo, SUNY, NY, USA
T. Shenthan, Advanced Earth Sciences Inc., CA, USA
Chapter 5
Effect of Superstructure Stiffness on Liquefaction-Induced Failure Mechanisms ...............................85
S.P.G. Madabhushi, University of Cambridge, UK
S.K. Haigh, University of Cambridge, UK
Chapter 6
DEM Simulations in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Education ............................................100
J. S. Vinod, University of Wollongong, Australia
Chapter 7
Static and Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass:
Influence of Joint Frequency, Joint Inclination and Joint Factor ........................................................110
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
M. Ramulu, Central Mining Research Institute, India
V. B. Maji, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Section 2
Chapter 8
Blast Induced Damage Due to Repeated Vibrations in Jointed Gneiss Rock Formation ...................135
M. Ramulu, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, India
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
Chapter 9
Production Blast-Induced Vibrations in Longhole Open Stoping: A Case Study ...............................160
John Henning, Goldcorp Inc., Canada
Hani Mitri, McGill University, Canada
Chapter 10
Development of a New Blast Vibration Prediction Model Incorporating Burden Variations in
Surface Blasting ..................................................................................................................................171
M. Ramulu, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, India
Chapter 11
Dynamic Tensile Test of Coal, Shale and Sandstone Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar:
A Tool for Blast and Impact Assessment ............................................................................................188
Kaiwen Xia, University of Toronto, Canada
Sheng Huang, University of Toronto, Canada
Ajay Kumar Jha, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Chapter 12
A Numerical Approach for Simulation of Rock Fracturing in Engineering Blasting .........................203
Mani Ram Saharan, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research (CIMFR), India
Hani S. Mitri, McGill University, Canada
Chapter 13
Numerical Prediction of Rock Fracturing During the Process of Excavation ....................................225
Zhangtao Zhou, Sichuan University, China
Zheming Zhu, Sichuan University, China
XinXing Jin, Sichuan University, China
Hao Tang, Sichuan University, China
Chapter 14
Investigations on Impact of Blasting in Tunnels .................................................................................238
Kaushik Dey, Indian School of Mines, India
V. M. S. R. Murthy, Indian School of Mines, India
Compilation of References ...............................................................................................................249
About the Contributors ....................................................................................................................269
Index..... ..............................................................................................................................................273
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................................xiii
Section 1
Chapter 1
Evaluation of Peak Ground Acceleration and Response Spectra
Considering the Local Site Effects: A Probabilistic Logic Tree Approach .............................................1
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
K. S. Vipin, Indian Institute of Science, India
The local site effects play an important role in the evaluation of seismic hazard. The proper evaluation of
the local site effects will help in evaluating the amplification factors for different locations. This article
deals with the evaluation of peak ground acceleration and response spectra based on the local site effects
for the study area. The seismic hazard analysis was done based on a probabilistic logic tree approach and
the peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) values at the bed rock level were evaluated. Different methods
of site classification have been reviewed in the present work. The surface level peak ground acceleration
(PGA) values were evaluated for the entire study area for four different site classes based on NEHRP
site classification. The uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS) has been developed for the city of
Bangalore and the details are presented in this work.
Chapter 2
A Site Specific Study on Evaluation of Design Ground Motion Parameters ........................................18
A. Boominathan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
S. Krishna Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Design ground motions are usually developed by one of the two approaches: site-specific analyses or
from provisions of building codes. Although contemporary codes do consider approximately the site
effects, they provide more conservative estimates. Hence it is preferred to carry out site specific analysis
which involves both the seismic hazard analysis and ground response analysis. This article presents a
site specific analysis for a seismically vulnerable site near Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The seismic hazard
analysis was carried out by DSHA approach considering seismicity and seismotectonics within 250km
radius. The site is predominantly characterized by deep stiff sandy clay deposits. Extensive shear wave
velocity measurement by cross hole test is used for site classification and ground response analysis. The
ground response analysis was carried out by equivalent linear approach using SHAKE2000. It is found
that the deep stiff soil site considered is found to amplify the ground motion. The site specific response
spectra obtained from RRS analysis is compared with the codal provision which reveals high spectral
acceleration in site specific spectra for mid period range.
Chapter 3
Analysis of Passive Earth Pressure and Displacements of Retaining Walls
Using Pseudo-Dynamic Approach ........................................................................................................43
B. Munwar Basha, Indian Institute of Science, India
G. L. Sivakumar, BabuIndian Institute of Science, India
Using additional dynamic parameters in the pseudo-static method like shear wave and primary wave
velocities of soil, phase change in the shear and primary waves, and soil amplification for seismic ac-
celerations, one can benefit from another useful tool called pseudo-dynamic method to solve the problem
of earth pressures. In this study, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the seismic passive
earth pressures on a rigid gravity retaining wall by considering both the planar failure and composite
failure (log-spiral and planar) mechanisms. To validate the present formulation, passive earth pressure
computed by the present method are compared with those given by other authors. Seismic passive earth
pressure coefficients are provided in tabular form for different parameters. The sliding and rotational
displacements are also computed and results of the comparative study showed that the assumption of
planar failure mechanism for rough soil-wall interfaces significantly overestimates passive earth pressure
and underestimate the sliding and rotational displacements.
Chapter 4
Cyclic Pore Pressure Generation, Dissipation and Densification in Granular Mixes ...........................66
S. Thevanayagam, University at Buffalo, SUNY, NY, USA
T. Shenthan, Advanced Earth Sciences Inc., CA, USA
Knowledge of cyclic load induced pore pressure generation, post-liquefaction dissipation and volumetric
densification characteristics of sands, silty sands, and silts are important for the analysis of performance
of loose saturated granular deposits in seismic areas. This article presents results from an experimental
study of these characteristics for such soils containing 0 to 100% non-plastic silt. Pore pressure genera-
tion characteristics are studied using undrained cyclic triaxial tests. Pre- and post-liquefaction compress-
ibility and coefficient of consolidation, and post-liquefaction volumetric densification characteristics are
determined from consolidation data prior to cyclic tests and pore pressure dissipation tests following
undrained cyclic tests. Effects of fines content on these characteristics compared to those of clean sands
are examined in the context of intergranular void ratio and intergranular contact density concepts.
Chapter 5
Effect of Superstructure Stiffness on Liquefaction-Induced Failure Mechanisms ...............................85
S.P.G. Madabhushi, University of Cambridge, UK
S.K. Haigh, University of Cambridge, UK
Soil liquefaction following strong earthquakes causes extensive damage to civil engineering structures.
Foundations of buildings, bridges etc can suffer excessive rotation/settlement due to liquefaction. Many
of the recent earthquakes bear testimony for such damage. In this article a hypothesis that “Superstruc-
ture stiffness can determine the type of liquefaction-induced failure mechanism suffered by the founda-
tions” is proposed. As a rider to this hypothesis, it will be argued that liquefaction will cause failure of
a foundation system in a mode of failure that offers least resistance. Evidence will be offered in terms
of field observations during the 921 Ji-Ji earthquake in 1999 in Taiwan and Bhuj earthquake of 2001
in India. Dynamic centrifuge test data and finite element analyses results are presented to illustrate the
traditional failure mechanisms.
Chapter 6
DEM Simulations in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Education ............................................100
J. S. Vinod, University of Wollongong, Australia
Behaviour of geotechnical material is very complex. Most of the theoretical frame work to understand
the behaviour of geotechnical materials under different loading conditions depends on the strong back-
ground of the basic civil engineering subjects and advanced mathematics. However, it is fact that the
complete behaviour of geotechnical material cannot be traced within theoretical framework. Recently,
computational models based on Finite Element Method (FEM) are used to understand the behaviour of
geotechnical problems. FEM models are quite complex and is of little interest to undergraduate students.
A simple computational tool developed using Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the labora-
tory experiments will be cutting edge research for geotechnical earthquake engineering education. This
article summarizes the potential of DEM to simulate the cyclic triaxial behaviour of granular materials
under complex loading conditions. It is shown that DEM is capable of simulating the cyclic behavior of
granular materials (e.g. undrained, liquefaction and post liquefaction) similar to the laboratory experiments.
Chapter 7
Static and Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass:
Influence of Joint Frequency, Joint Inclination and Joint Factor ........................................................110
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
M. Ramulu, Central Mining Research Institute, India
V. B. Maji, Indian Institute of Technology, India
In this paper the compressive strength/elastic modulus of the jointed rock mass was estimated as a func-
tion of intact rock strength/modulus and joint factor. The joint factor reflects the combined effect of joint
frequency, joint inclination and joint strength. Therefore, having known the intact rock properties and
the joint factor, jointed rock properties can be estimated. The test results indicated that the rock mass
strength decreases with an increase in the joint frequency and a sharp transition was observed from
brittle to ductile behaviour with an increase in the number of joints. It was also found that the rocks
with planar anisotropy exhibit the highest strength in the direction perpendicular to the anisotropy and
the lowest at an inclination of 30o-45o in jointed samples. The anisotropy of the specimen influences
the dynamic elastic modulus more than the static elastic modulus. The results were also compared well
with the published works of different authors for different type of rocks.
Section 2
Chapter 8
Blast Induced Damage Due to Repeated Vibrations in Jointed Gneiss Rock Formation ...................135
M. Ramulu, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, India
T. G. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India
Blasting is the most common method of rock excavation technique in mining and civil construction and
infrastructure projects. Rock blasting produces seismic waves similar to those produced by earthquakes,
but with relatively high frequency and low amplitude. General blast induced damage was extensively
studied by researchers globally, but the studies on damage due to repeated blast vibrations is not yet
reported, quantitatively, on underground openings. This paper deals with the research work carried on
the effect of repeated dynamic loading imparted on the jointed rock mass from subsequent blasts in the
vicinity, on the jointed rock mass at Lohari Nag Pala Hydroelectric Power Construction Project. The