Table Of ContentEEGE eospatial Technology for Earth
EEOE bservation
Deren Li • Jie Shan • Jianya Gong
Editors
Geospatial Technology for Earth
Observation
Editors
Deren Li Jie Shan
State Key Laboratory of Information School of Civil Engineering
Engineering in Surveying, Mapping Purdue University
and Remote Sensing 550 Stadium Mall Drive
Wuhan University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051
129 Luoyu Road USA
430079 Wuhan [email protected]
China, People’s Republic
Jianya Gong
State Key Laboratory of Information
Engineering in Surveying, Mapping
and Remote Sensing
Wuhan University
129 Luoyu Road
430079 Wuhan
China, People’s Republic
ISBN978-1-4419-0049-4 e-ISBN978-1-4419-0050-0
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-0050-0
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
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Table of Contents
About the Editors vii
Acknowledgement ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1 An overview of Earth Observation and Geospatial Information
Service 1
Deren Li
Chapter 2 A UAV Remote Sensing System: Design and Tests 27
Lei Yan, Zhiyang Gou, Yini Duan
Chapter 3 Design and Applications of an Integrated Multi-Sensor Mobile
System for Road Surface Condition Detection 45
Qingquan Li, Yong Liu, Qingzhou Mao
Chapter 4 High Resolution Satellite Image Orientation Models 63
Mattia Crespi, Francesca Fratarcangeli, Francesca Giannone,
Francesca Pieralice
Chapter 5 Geometric Processing Models for Remotely Sensed Imagery
and their Accuracy Assessment 105
Xiuxiao Yuan
Chapter 6 Mapping High-Resolution Land Surface Radiative Fluxes from
MODIS: Algorithms and Preliminary Validation Results 141
Shunlin Liang, Kaicun Wang, Wenhui Wang, Dongdong Wang,
Sheng Gui, Xiaotong Zhang, Jeremy Mirmelstein, Xiufang Zhu,
Hye-yun Kim, Juan Du, Steven Running, John Townshend,
Si-Chee Tsay, Robert Wolf, Crystal Schaaf, Alan Strahler
Chapter 7 Spectral Information Content of Remote Sensing Imagery 177
Rudiger Gens
Chapter 8 Algorithms and Applications for Land Cover
Classification – A Review 203
Björn Waske, Mingmin Chi, Jón Atli Benediktsson,
Sebastian van der Linden, Benjamin Koetz
Chapter 9 Analysis of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images 235
Liangpei Zhang, Yanfei Zhong
vi Table of Contents
Chapter 10 Effects of Aggregation Methods on Image Classification 271
Peng Han, Zhilin Li, Jianya Gong
Chapter 11 Towards Automation of Information Extraction from Aerial
and Satellite Images 289
John Trinder, Arcot Sowmya
Chapter 12 Efficient Geospatial Analysis of Remotely Sensed Images
by Means of Linear Feature Extraction and Combination 3 29
Gianni Lisini, Fabio Dell’Acqua, Paolo Gamba
Chapter 13 Geospatial Service Web 355
Jianya Gong, Huayi Wu, Wenxiu Gao, Peng Yue, Xinyan Zhu
Chapter 14 Optimal Composition Algorithm Concerned with Response
Time for Remotely Sensed Image Processing Services 381
Qing Zhu, Xiaoxia Yang, Haifeng Li
Chapter 15 Cadastral Mapping with Earth Observation Technology 397
Gottfried Konecny
Chapter 16 Spatio-temporal Pattern Analysis of Land Cover Change:
A Case Study in Aridzone 411
Qiming Zhou
Chapter 17 Remote Sensing of Water Environment 431
Xiaoling Chen, Zhifeng Yu
Chapter 18 Flood Mapping and Damage Assessment – a Case Study
in the State of Indiana 473
Jie Shan, Ejaz Hussain, KyoHyouk Kim, Larry Biehl
Chapter 19 Decision Making Based on Earth Observation Technology 497
Jixian Zhang, Yu Zeng, Wenhan Xie, Tao Wang
List of Contributors 531
Index 543
About the Editors
Deren Li, Wuhan University
He is the chair of the Academic Committees of
Wuhan University and the State Key Laboratory of
Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and
Remote Sensing, academician of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of
Engineering, and holds an honorary doctorate from
ETH, Zurich. He received the Samuel G. Gamble
Award at the ISPRS XXI Congress in 2008, and
numerous academic honors.
Jie Shan, Purdue University
He is an associate professor in the School of Civil
Engineering, and the recipient of multiple academic
awards, among which are the Talbert Abrams
Grand Award, the ESRI Award for Best Scientific
Paper in GIS (First Place), and the Excellence in
GIS Award. He is an associate editor for IEEE
Geoscience and Remote Sensing and the assistant
editor for Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing.
Jianya Gong, Wuhan University
He is a professor and the director of the State Key
Laboratory of Information Engineering in
Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing. He has
been a visiting professor at the University of
Massachusetts, Boston; Hong Kong Polytechnic
University; George Mason University. Prof. Gong
has served multiple times as the ISPRS Commission
Secretary and Working Group Chair since 1988.
Acknowledgement
As the editors of this volume, we are most grateful to each and every one of the
63 chapter authors for their commitment and collaboration during the preparation
of this book. We greatly appreciate their willingness to share their recent work and
their patience in iteratively revising the manuscripts. Without such tireless and
persistent effort, this book would not have been published.
We also wish to extend our most sincere thanks to the following reviewers,
who helped us improve the book in spite of their busy schedules and other com-
mitments: Peggy Agouris (George Mason University), Larry Biehl (Purdue Uni-
versity), Chuqun Chen (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Acad-
emy of Sciences), Peijun Du (China University of Mining and Technology), Henri
Eisenbeiss (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich), Clive Fraser (Univer-
sity of Melbourne), Ejaz Hussain (Purdue University), Xiuping Jia (University
College, The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Acad-
emy), John Kerekes (Rochester Institute of Technology), Richard Onchaga (Inter-
national Institute for GeoInformation Science and Earth Observation, ITC), Toni
Schenk (The Ohio State University), Charles Toth (The Ohio State University),
Chaowei Yang (George Mason University), and Zhengwei Yang (National Agri-
cultural Statistics Service, United States Department of Agriculture). Besides, we
would also like to thank David Shan, who carefully read a number of chapters, ed-
ited the language, and formatted the texts for accuracy and consistency.
Our deepest thanks go to our families, whose understanding and support al-
lowed us to spend endless nights and numerous weekends with the authors, the re-
viewers, and the publisher in the past one and an half years to work on this book
project.
Finally, applying our novice Microsoft Word skills, the book is a product of
self-formatting and “typesetting,” and errors and inconsistencies in the book re-
main to be ours.
Deren Li (Wuhan)
Jie Shan (West Lafayette)
Jianya Gong (Wuhan)
Preface
Earth observation is currently a critical issue of worldwide interest. It is used to
map the Earth, monitor the environment, manage our limited resources, and pre-
dict, record, and respond to global change and disasters. All space programs
around the world have a significant component of Earth observation to accomplish
the above objectives. For such scientific explorations, geospatial technology plays
a core and fundamental role throughout the entire data acquisition, processing, in-
terpretation, and information extraction process. This rapid progression has driven
geospatial technology into a transition period. On one hand, sensing technology
provides abundant data with increasingly higher radiometric, spatial, spectral, and
temporal resolutions. On the other hand, in terms of data processing and interpre-
tation techniques, various new developments are being introduced to geospatial
technology from a number of related disciplines, including machine vision, pattern
recognition, computational science, and applied mathematics. Driven by such new
developments, the solutions to classical mapping-related tasks are moving towards
higher level automation and resolution. In the meantime, a new, non-classical task
is consequently emerging, which is meant to serve the public and decision-makers
with all types of geospatial products, including data, information, and knowledge.
The book covers a wide range of topics in Earth observation, which can be
grouped into seven parts with a total of 19 chapters.
Part I pertains to system, platform, sensor and sensor integration. The discus-
sion varies from space system (Chapter 1, Li), to aerial platform, in particular
UAV (Chapter 2, Yan et al.) and mobile vehicles (Chapter 3, Li et al.), all of
which utilize integrated sensors for Earth observation data collection at a different
scale for a variety of applications, such as large scale topographic mapping and
road surface evaluation. Chapter 1 also presents an overview on geospatial infor-
mation service as an extension to the conventional Earth observation tasks.
Part II, consisting of Chapter 4 (Crespi et al.) and Chapter 5 (Yuan), deals with
the geometric aspects of data processing in Earth observation. Both chapters dis-
cuss the principles of the physical model and the generalized or replace model,
with the former more focused on satellite images while the latter is focused on
both aerial and satellite images. Both chapters provide empirical examples with
evaluation and comparison of the two types of models. Moreover, Chapter 4 pro-
vides numerical solutions to assure reliable results in sensor orientation.
Part III concentrates on some physical aspects of remote sensing. Chapter 6
(Liang et al.) presents algorithms for mapping all types of land surface radiative
fluxes from MODIS data. The developed algorithms are evaluated by using well-
distributed global measurements over various land cover types at different eleva-
tions. Such a study is useful in driving high-resolution land ecosystem/carbon cy-
cle and hydrological models. Chapter 7 (Gens) starts with a concise overview on
surface reflective and emissive properties, electromagnetic spectrum, energy-
matter interaction, and passive and active remote sensing. It then presents a wide
xii Preface
range of vivid applications of remote sensing techniques, including urban areas,
vegetation, biodiversity and coral reefs, geology and soils, water bodies, and
cryosphere, some of which are further detailed in subsequent chapters.
Part IV focuses on algorithms for remote sensing image classification and
analysis. Chapter 8 (Waske et al.) is a review of classification methods, varying
from classical and advanced individual classifiers to their combined use (multi
classifiers). Such methods are used for the classification of SAR, multispectral,
and hyperspectral images. The classification of multiple data sources such as opti-
cal images and LiDAR are also presented. Chapter 9 (Zhang and Zhong) discusses
topics related to hyperspectral image analysis: feature selection, clustering (unsu-
pervised classification), and spectral unmixing. After a concise review of popular
methods, the authors present a framework based on artificial immune systems as
an alternative solution: the clonal selection approach is used for feature selection,
while an artificial immune classifier is developed for hyperspectral images. The
unmixing problem is formulated as a kernel-based least squares estimation. Chap-
ter 10 (Han et al.) addresses the effect of resolution on image classification. Ver-
sions of Landsat TM and SPOT images under different aggregation rates are used
for analysis and evaluation.
Part V is composed of Chapters 11 and 12. The former (Chapter 11, Trinder
and Sowmya) discusses automated feature extraction in photogrammetry from the
machine learning point of view. A prototype tool is discussed and evaluated for
road network extraction from remote sensing images. As for building extraction,
the chapter presents a solution based on level set segmentation and Dempster-
Shafer fusion of multiple data sources. Chapter 12 (Lisini et al.) presents a frame-
work for image-based feature extraction for geospatial analysis. Results of road
and building extraction from SAR, LiDAR, and optical images are presented; and
such a framework is also used for automated SAR image registration and change
detection as an alternative approach to the pixel-based method.
Part VI extends the content of the book to web-based geospatial service. Chap-
ter 13 (Gong et al.) outlines the concepts and details the contents, concerns, stan-
dards, technologies, and design of a geospatial service web, a prototype for which
is reported. Chapter 14 (Zhu et al.) discusses the selection and optimization of
web services in terms of response time. The developed algorithm is able to deal
with uncertainty in service response time, which makes the remotely sensed image
processing service chain more reliable.
Part VII consists of five chapters that primarily demonstrate various applica-
tions of the geospatial technology. Chapter 15 (Konecny) reports the challenges
and start-of-the-art of cadastral mapping using integrated Earth observation tech-
niques, ranging from satellite, aerial, and terrestrial surveying to documentation
using amateur handled cameras and GIS. Chapter 16 (Zhou) seeks an efficient and
practical method to determine the spatio-temporal pattern of environmental
change caused by land cover change by integrating multi-temporal and multi-scale
remotely sensed data from various sources. It quantifies spatial pattern for analyz-
ing land cover changes through calculating the class-level landscape metrics of
change trajectories. Water remote sensing is discussed in Chapter 17 (Chen and
Yu). Starting with the effects of water body on electromagnetic radiation and its
Preface xiii
optical properties, this chapter discusses in situ and remote sensing measurements
and atmospheric correction methods to acquire reliable and precise measurements.
A variety of applications are also addressed, including oil spill detection, water
depth, water temperature, and total suspended sediment concentration, colored
dissolved organic matter concentration, chlorophyll-a concentration, primary pro-
ductivity estimation, and red tide detection. Case studies are presented to demon-
strate the performance of atmospheric correction and costal water environment
management. Chapter 18 (Shan et al.) reviews the status of flood mapping in the
USA and reports a case study in the state of Indiana. Temporal Landsat TM im-
ages are used to determine flood extent, while damages are estimated by jointly
using crop and road GIS layers. A web-mapping service is used for public access
and information dissemination. Chapter 19 (Zhang et al.) presents an overview of
the role of Earth observation technology in the establishment of e-government and
decision-making in China. The applications of such technology and developed
systems in the recent Wenchuan earthquake (May 2008, China) are highlighted
through slide identification, hazards assessment, and loss estimation. In addition,
three intensive prototype systems and their associate studies are reported: the
Flood Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation System for managing the recent floods
and their mitigation; the Water Resources and Desertification Monitoring Analysis
System, which provides related information services for the management and de-
cision-making of government; the West Development Information Service System
that provides important social and economic development and resource informa-
tion for governments.
As reflected from the above summary, geospatial technology has played multi-
ple roles in Earth observation, ranging from data acquisition, processing, analysis,
information extraction, service, and decision-making. It became a key and indis-
pensible core component in Earth observation for sciences, economics, and home-
land security. It is unrealistic for one book of this size to cover all aspects of this
technology, however, we attempted to select and organize the materials in such a
way that the essential, fundamental methods and recent, promising developments
in this and other related disciplines are covered. We also attempted to promote
geospatial technology by including representative and influential applications and
case studies that have broad impact.
The book is primarily targeted to graduate students and professionals. It can be
used as a reference to augment courses in remote sensing, geographic information
systems, photogrammetry, and natural resources management. The resources pro-
vided in the book, such as reference to literatures, free and shareware, data ven-
dors or sources, and case studies are useful for both researchers and practitioners
as well as administrators. We also expect the book to be introductory material to
more advanced topics and future developments and applications. Finally, we wel-
come corrections, comments, and suggestions that would benefit the audience and
improve our future endeavors.
.
Deren Li (Wuhan)
Jie Shan (West Lafayette)
Jianya Gong (Wuhan)
