Geological Engineering

692 Pages·2011·301.1 MB·English

by  Mercedes Ferrer

GeoloGical enGineerinG
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Cover illustration by Luis I. González de Vallejo
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GeoloGical enGineerinG
luis i. González de Vallejo
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Mercedes Ferrer
Instituto Geológico y Minero de España
with a Foreword by M.H. de Freitas
Imperial College, London
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CRC Press
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BrieF conTenTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xv
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi
PART I – FUNDAMENTALS
1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 3
2 SOIL MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGy OF SEDIMENTS 19
3 ROCk MECHANICS 109
4 HyDROGEOLOGy 223
PART II – METHODS
5 SITE INvESTIGATION 263
6 ROCk MASS DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISATION 327
7 ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPPING 351
PART III – APPLICATIONS
8 FOUNDATIONS 369
9 SLOPES 401
10 TUNNELS 451
11 DAMS AND RESERvOIRS 501
12 EARTH STRUCTURES 535
PART Iv – GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
13 LANDSLIDES AND OTHER MASS MOvEMENTS 555
14 SEISMIC HAZARD 595
15 PREvENTION OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS 625
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vi Brief CONTeNTS
APPENDIX A CHARTS FOR CIRCULAR AND WEDGE FAILURE ANALySIS 643
APPENDIX B PRESSURE UNITS CONvERSION CHART 653
APPENDIX C SyMBOLS AND ACRONyMS 657
APPENDIX D LIST OF BOXES 663
APPENDIX E PERMISSIONS TO REPRODUCE FIGURES AND TABLES 665
INDEX 671
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conTenTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xv plasticity 24
phase relationships 26
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
2.3 Flow oF water tHrougH soils 28
total head. bernoulli’s theorem 29
FOREWORD xix
Hydrostatic conditions 29
ground water flow 30
PREFACE xxi
basic concepts. Head loss and permeability 30
Hydraulic head and hydraulic gradient 31
PART I – FUNDAMENTALS Darcy’s law 31
steady flow in an isotropic medium 33
1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL
anisotropic soil conditions 36
ENGINEERING 3
permeability and water flow in stratified
1.1 DeFinition anD iMportance oF soils 38
geological engineering 4 2.4 eFFective stress 40
soil phases and soil structure 40
1.2 tHe geological environMent anD its
saturated soils. the principle of
relation witH engineering 6
effective stress 41
1.3 geological Factors anD geotecHnical seepage forces and piping 44
probleMs 8 loading saturated soils 50
the concept of consolidation 50
1.4 MetHoDs anD applications in
concepts of loading with
geological engineering 15
and without drainage 51
1.5 inForMation sources in engineering undrained loading in saturated soils 52
geology 16
2.5 consoliDation anD coMpressibility 56
1.6 How tHis book is structureD 16 normally consolidated and over-
consolidated soils 56
recoMMenDeD reaDing 17
Horizontal stresses in the ground 62
reFerences 17 influence of complementary factors on soil
behaviour 63
2 SOIL MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
the oedometer test 65
GEOLOGy OF SEDIMENTS 19
2.6 sHear strengtH oF soils 71
2.1 introDuction 20
Failure criterion 71
the nature of soils 20
the direct shear test 72
soils in geotechnical engineering 20
behaviour of soils subjected to shear stress 76
2.2 soil Description anD classiFication. granular soils 76
pHase relationsHips 23 clay soils 78
types of soils 23 the triaxial test 79
particle size distribution 23 the test apparatus 79
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viii CONTeNTS
types of test 81 weathering processes 125
the uniaxial compression test 85 weathering of intact rock 126
weathering of rock masses 127
2.7 inFluence oF Mineralogy anD Fabric
groundwater 129
on tHe geotecHnical properties
permeability and water flow 129
oF soils 85
effects of water on the properties
clay minerals in engineering geology 86
of rock masses 129
physico-chemical properties 88
geotechnical properties and mineralogical 3.3 stress anD strain in rocks 131
composition 89 Force and stress 131
Microfabric of clayey soils 89 stress on a plane 132
geotechnical properties and microfabric 93 stress in three dimensions 138
summary 94 strength and failure 139
basic concepts 139
2.8 engineering geological
Failure mechanisms 140
cHaracteristics oF seDiMents 94
stress-strain relationships in rock 141
colluvial deposits 95
strength criteria 144
alluvial deposits 95
lacustrine deposits 95 3.4 strengtH anD DeForMability
coastal deposits 95 oF intact rock 147
glacial deposits 96 strength and strength parameters 147
Deserts and arid climate deposits 97 effects of anisotropy and pore
evaporitic deposits 98 pressure on strength 147
tropical soils 98 Failure criteria 149
volcanic soils 99 Mohr-coulomb criterion 149
Hoek-brown’s criterion 150
2.9 probleMatic soils 100
Deformability 150
swelling and shrinking clays 101
strength and deformability
Dispersive soils 103
laboratory tests 154
saline and aggressive soils 104
uniaxial compression test 154
collapsible soils 104
triaxial compression test 159
the action of ice and permafrost 106
tensile strength tests 162
soft sensitive soils 106
sonic velocity 164
soils susceptible to liquefaction 106
limitations of laboratory tests 164
recoMMenDeD reaDing 107
3.5 Discontinuities 165
reFerences 107 influence on rock mass behaviour 165
types of discontinuities 166
3 ROCk MECHANICS 109
characteristics of discontinuities 168
3.1 introDuction 110 shear strength of discontinuity planes 170
Definition, objectives and scope 110 barton and choubey criterion 172
rock and soil 112 Discontinuities with infilling 175
rock masses 113 Direct shear strength laboratory test 175
permeability and water pressure 177
3.2 pHysical anD MecHanical properties
oF rocks 116 3.6 strengtH anD DeForMability oF rock
rock characteristics 116 Masses 179
physical properties of intact rock 118 rock mass strength 179
rock classification for geotechnical Failure criteria for isotropic
purposes 122 rock masses 181
rock mass classification 124 Failure criteria for anisotropic
weathering of rock 125 rock masses 186
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CONTeNTS ix
summary 187 pumping tests 238
rock mass deformability 187 injection tests 248
In situ deformability tests 188 tracer tests 249
geophysical methods 188
4.5 solution MetHoDs 251
empirical correlations 189
analytical methods 251
permeability and water pressure 193
Flow nets 252
scale effect 195
numerical methods 253
3.7 In sItU stress 201
4.6 cHeMical properties oF water 255
origin and types of in situ stress 201
chemical quality of groundwater 255
geological and morphological factors
physical-chemical processes. water-aquifer
which influence the state of stress 203
interaction 256
Methods for measuring in situ stress 205
contamination of groundwater 257
Measuring the direction of stresses by
anthropogenic activities 257
geological methods 206
Mechanisms of ground water contamination 258
estimating stress magnitude from
empirical relationships 207 recoMMenDeD reaDing anD reFerences 259
instrumental methods for measuring
PART II – METHODS
orientation and magnitude of stress 207
3.8 rock Mass classiFications 215 5 SITE INvESTIGATION 263
rMr classification 216
5.1 planning anD Design 264
geomechanical classifications in practice 216
aims and importance 264
recoMMenDeD reaDing 220 planning site investigations 264
reFerences 221 5.2 preliMinary investigations 268
Desk-based study 268
4 HyDROGEOLOGy 223
aerial photo and remote sensing
4.1 HyDrogeological beHaviour interpretation 269
oF soils anD rocks 224 aerial photo interpretation 269
types of aquifers and their behaviour 224 remote sensing 270
piezometric level 227 the walk-over survey 273
water movement in aquifers 228 preliminary site investigation report 275
5.3 engineering geopHysics 275
4.2 HyDrogeological paraMeters 230
surface geophysics 276
porosity 230
electrical methods 276
storage coefficient 231
seismic methods 277
permeability 232
electromagnetic methods 282
transmissivity 233
gravity methods 285
4.3 Flow. Darcy’s law anD FunDaMental Magnetic methods 285
Flow equations in porous MeDia 233 borehole geophysics 286
Darcy’s law 233 geophysical logging 286
Darcy’s velocity and real velocity 234 seismic logging inside boreholes 287
generalization of Darcy’s law 235 seismic tomography 288
continuity equation for steady flow 236
5.4 boreHoles, trial pits, trencHes
laplace equation 236
anD saMpling 289
poisson’s equation 237
borehole drilling 289
Flow equation in transitory regime 237
rotary drilling 289
4.4 evaluation MetHoDs For HyDro- auger drilling 291
geological paraMeters 238 percussion drilling 292
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