Table Of ContentGEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA
Mededelingen van de
Faculteit Aardwetenschappen
Universiteit Utrecht
No. 190
Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the ÇDQN(cid:213)U(cid:213)(cid:3)%DVLQ(cid:3)
(Central Anatolia, Turkey)
Nuretdin Kaymakci
TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHICAL EVOLUTION OF THE
ÇANKIRI BASIN (Central Anatolia, Turkey)
TECTONO-STRATIGRAFISCHE EVOLUTIE VAN HET ÇANKIRI BEKKEN
(Centraal Anatolië, Turkije)
(met een samenvatting in het Nederlands)
ÇANKIRI HAVZASININ TEKTONO-675$7ł*5$)ł.(95ł0ł
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PROEFSCHRIFT
Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. H.O. Voorma
ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties
in het openbaar te verdedigen op
woensdag 10 mei 2000
des ochtends te 10.30 uur
DOOR
Nuretdin Kaymakci
Geboren 5 maart 1965 te Beysehir (Turkije)
Promotores:
1st Prof. Dr. S.H. White Department of Structural Geology, Utrecht
University, The Netherlands
2nd Prof. Dr. A.G. Fabbri International Institute for Aerospace Survey and
Earth Sciences (ITC), The Netherlands
Co-promotor:
Dr. P.M. van Dijk International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth
Sciences (ITC), The Netherlands
The research for this thesis was carried out at:
International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Hengelosestr 99,
P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands.
and
Vening Meinesz Research School of Geodynamics. Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4,
P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
The research was financially supported by: Kocaeli University, Izmit, Tukey.
iii
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Members of the examining committee:
Prof. Dr. S.B. Kroonenberg Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. C.G. Langereis Department of Geophysics
Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. R.J. Lisle Department of Earth Sciences
Cardiff University, Wales, UK
Prof. Dr. J.E. Meulenkamp Department of Stratigraphy
Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. A.H. Robertson Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Geologica Ultraiectina No. 190, ISBN 90-5744-047-4
ITC Publication No.71, ISBN 90-6164-181-0
v
$&.12:/(’*(0(176(cid:3)
Many people that have contributed to the research related to this thesis, and to the
writing process. Although words are weak considering their contribution and support,
nevertheless, I would like to express my sincere gratefulness.
First of all, I would like to thank my promoter Stanley H. White, especially for the time
he spent reading the thesis without missing any tiny typing mistake and inconsistency. I
would also thank him for his guidance during fieldworks.. He was always very critical and
cautious, friendly and helpful. I would also like to thank my second promoter Andrea
Fabbri for his guidance, encouragement and motivation in various stages of the work.
Among all, I would like to thank my supervisor and co-promoter Paul van Dijk for his
wisdom, clear guidance, critical vision, motivation, kindness and continual support in
various stages of this thesis. Paul (more than a supervisor) made possible all the
impossibles that are not only related to this thesis but also in personal maters. In times
when I was discouraged and depressed he was the one motivating, cheering me up and
giving me strength to continue my work in his always friendly and kind manner. I would
also like to thank him for his help during the field works, in collecting samples and helping
me to understand and interpret the areas where I had difficulties. In addition, working with
Paul means no side problems such as administrative, financial or problems related to
facilities. He arranged everything so well that sometimes he did not made me aware of the
problems and I only heard it after he completely solved them. He cleared the way that I
walked to this thesis. Thank you Paul, I hope every Ph.D. student could have a supervisor
like you.
I would like to express my gratitude to Ali Kocyi(cid:247)LW ZKR LQLWLDWHG WKLV SURMHFW DQG
introduced me to the geological problems of the study area. He was always inspiring and
helpful especially in arrange facilities in Turkey. I can say that I learned a lot from him,
especially during my B.Sc. and M.Sc. in METU. He was the one who was always inspiring
me during my stay in METU and during the fieldworks for the research of this thesis.
Yakup Ozçelik was the one who, without any limit, shared his knowledge about the
dDQN(cid:213)U(cid:213)%DVLQ(cid:15)KHOSHGGXULQg field studies, arranged everything that needed to come from
the Turkish Petroleum co., including field camps, unpublished company reports, and
sample collection for paleontological and petrographical purposes. I would also like to
thank him for fruitful discussions that we had during and after the fieldworks. I would also
OLNHWRWKDQN<XUGDO(cid:23)]WDœZKRDUUDQJHGDILHOGFDPSLQWKHVHFRQGILHOGZRUNVHDVRQand
KHOSHG LQ VDPSOH FROOHFWLRQ(cid:17) ,Q WKLV UHJDUG , ZRXOG DOVR OLNH WR WKDQN 1LKDW $NGR(cid:247)DQ ZKR
supplied gravity data.
Without the help RI +DQV GH %UXLMQ(cid:15) WKH 1HRJHQH VWUDWLJUDSK\ RI WKH dDQN(cid:213)U(cid:213) %DVLQ
would never have been completed. Hans collected samples for paleontological purposes,
identified the rodent fossils and shared his data generously especially in areas which he
had already been studying, not only in the study area but also outside the studied parts of
WKH dDQN(cid:213)U(cid:213) DQG +DQFLOL %DVLQV(cid:17) ,Q WKLV UHJDUG , ZRXOG DOVR WKDQN WR (QJLQ %QD\ DQG
Gerçek Saraç. I also would like to thank Johan Meulenkamp for the discussions we had
UHJDUGLQJWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHdDQN(cid:213)U(cid:213)%DVLQDQGDOVRIRUKLVUHPDUNVRQWKHILQDOYHUVLRQRI
this thesis.
Charon E. Duermijer taught me how to collect, prepare, measure and interpret
paleomagnetic samples. In addition, she helped in collecting, preparing and measuring all
paleomagnetic samples and in interpreting the results. She prepared the paleomagnetic
figures and preliminaries related to the paleomagnetic study in chapter 7. She was always
eager to help at every stage of this thesis. Thank you Charon for your help,
encouragement, support and times that we shared in Greece, Turkey (during field
studies), and in Fort Hoofddijk (during paleomagnetic studies). In this regard I would also
like to thank Cor Langereis who allowed me to use the paleomagnetic lab and reviewed
chapter 7. I would also like to thank all of the Fort Hoofddijk folks, especially Wout
Krijgsman, Mark Dekkers, Tom Mullender, Piet-Jan Verplak and Henk Meijer who
provided a very pleasant working atmosphere in the Fort.
øHQRO (cid:23)]PXWOXLQWURGXFHGPHDQGWDXJKWWKHNH\HOHPHQWVRIWKH/<1;VRIWZDUHDQG
IBM Data Explorer for visualization. He also arranged a very pleasant working
environment in ITC-Delft. I would also like to thank him for his help in various stages of the
3D study, fruitful discussions we had and accommodation during my stay in Delft.
I would like to thank the members of ITC-Geological Survey Division, T. Woldai, F. van
der Meer and E. Schetselaar who provided an excellent working environment at ITC-
Enschede, for their continual support and encouragement.
I would like tR WKDQN &HPDO *(cid:24)QF&R(cid:247)OX IRU IUXLWIXO GLVFXVVLRQV ZH KDG LQ 7XUNH\(cid:15)
regarding the stratigraphy and evolution of the central Anatolian basins and evolution and
petro-WHFWRQLFV RI WKH .(cid:213)Uœehir Block (Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex in his
nomenclature). He generously shared his ideas, supplied his unpublished data and
confidential reports. In this regard, I would also like to thank Gonca&Ilkay Kuscu, the
couple who shared their ideas about evolution of the central Anatolian basins and the
.(cid:213)UœHKLU %ORFN(cid:17) , ZRXOG DOVR WKDQN %RUD 5RMD\(cid:15) (UGLQ %R]NXUW(cid:15) .HQDQ <DOLQL] DQG 9HGDW
Toprak for their ideas and discussions that they shared with me about the evolution of the
.(cid:213)UœHKLU%ORFN(cid:15)RSKLROLWLFXQLWVRQWKH.(cid:213)UœHKLU%ORFN(cid:15)HYROXWLRQRIWKH1L(cid:247)GHPDVVLIDQGWKH
central Anatolian basins.
Ken Hardcastle, Jacques Angelier and Andrea Zanchi are thanked for supplying their
paleostress inversion software and conversion softwares. I would like to thank Ken for his
encouragement, support and reviews of the paleostress chapters. Andrea Zanchi taught
me how to use and import the plots of Angelier’s software.
I would like to thank METU Geological Engineering Department folks and especially to
RS/GIS-“mafia” who supplied one of the Landsat scenes and allowed me to process the
image during fieldworks in 1996 and 1997. In this regard I would like to thank Vedat
’R\XUDQ(cid:15)9HGDW7RSUDN(cid:15)(UKDQ.DQVX(cid:15)/XWIL6&]HQDQG$UGD$UFDVR\(cid:17),ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN
Dick Nieuwland who helped in the beginning stage of interpretation of the seismic
sections.
I also would like to thank other ITC staff members, A. Mulder, G. Polman, G. Reinink,
H. Borkent, M. Blankestijn, J.P.G. Bakx, J. Duim, B. Masselink, R. Allesie, A. Geerdink, R.
Schoppers and H. Verdam.
The following people are thanked because of their continual support, encouragement
and providing a pleasant environment during my stays in Turkey, Enschede, Delft and
Utrecht. Starting from Turkey, I would like to thank the Gonca&Ilkay Kuscu couple, the
*&OVHUHQ&&HPLO$UOLIDPLO\(cid:15)73$2VWXIIQDPHO\0(cid:17)$(cid:17)’X\JX(cid:15)$KPHW’LQoHU(cid:15)1XUL7HU]LR(cid:247)OX(cid:15)
ii
*(cid:24)NKDQ &UXQ(cid:15) .XELOD\ .XPVDO(cid:15) 0X]DIIHU ,YDN(cid:15) 5HFHS (cid:23)]NDQ(cid:15) 0XVWDID $\GLQ(cid:15) +DOLO 6HNHU(cid:15)
and Kemal Saka, In Enschede: Suat Ari, Bahriye&Okan Ozkanli couple, Edit&6&NU&
Akyar family, Duygu Talan, Selvin Çaynak, Zafer Ergecer, )XVXQ ’&]J&Q(cid:15) DQG (OLI
’&QGDU(cid:17) 0\ RIILFH-mates, Abdulbaset Abadi, Yahya Alfasatwi, and Yang Hong. In Delft:
Sevgi&øHQRO (cid:23)]PXWOX FRXSOH(cid:15) %LQQXU $VODQ, $U]X øHQHO(cid:15) 7XUJD\ 7(cid:24)ren, Aylin&Cenk
YardimcLODU FRXSOH(cid:15) $\œH +DFLVDOLKR(cid:247)OX DQG Nejla Akça. In Utrecht, Bas Steins, Lennert
Pronk, Sander Ernst and Jan van Dam.
I thank the DXWKRULWLHV RI 7XUNLVK +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ &RXQFLO (cid:11)<(cid:23).(cid:12) DQG .RFDHOL
University (Izmit, Turkey) for their financial support.
I wish to thank my family in Turkey for their understanding, patience and endless
support.
At last but not the least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my late friend
Jeroen T.G. Keur. Thank you Jeroen, knowing you was a great pleasure for me.
“…So close no matter how far
couldn’t be much more from the heart
forever trusting who we are
nothing else matters…
(Metallica)”
iii
Curriculum Vitae
(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:25)(cid:24) %RUQLQ%H\œHKLU(cid:15)7XUNH\
1979-(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:21)%H\œHKLU+LJK6FKRRO(cid:15)7XUNH\
1983-1989 B.Sc. in Geological Engineering, Geological Engineering Department,
Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey
1989-1991 M.Sc. in Geological Engineering, Geological Engineering Department,
METU, Ankara, Turkey
1989-1993 Teaching and Research assistantship at METU, Ankara, Turkey.
1993-1994 Postgraduate Diploma in Geological Survey, ITC-Enschede, The
Netherlands
1995-2000 Ph.D. student, Geological Survey Division, ITC-Enschede, The
Netherlands
iv
Description:Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Çankιrι Basin. (Central Anatolia, Turkey)
P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands. The research was
