Table Of ContentGEOINFORMATICS
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GEOINFORMATICS
Dr. A M CHANDRA
Professor of Civil Engineering
Arba Minch University, ETHIOPIA
Former Professor of Civil Engineering
Geomatics Engineering Section
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, INDIA
New Academic Science
New Age International (UK) Ltd.
27 Old Gloucester Street, London, WC1N 3AX, UK
NEW
ACADEMIC www.newacademicscience.co.uk
SCIENCE
e-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2017 by New Academic Science Limited
27 Old Gloucester Street, London, WC1N 3AX, UK
www.newacademicscience.co.uk • e-mail: [email protected]
ISBN : 978 1 78183 095 6
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic
or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Every effort has been made to make the book error free. However, the author and publisher
have no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the documentation contained
in this book.
Preface
Leaving Surveying and Photogrammetry, it is now found that other units of Geoinformatics, such as
Remote Sensing Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global Position System (GPS), are finding
tremendous application in variety of fields. There are number of books on these subjects but there is no
named Geoinformatics which introduces the principles and applications of the subjects coming under
its fold, and this book is an attempt in this direction only.
Surveying has been one of the basic courses of civil engineering curriculum at undergraduate
level in every university but the geoinformatics, which includes, Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing,
Geographic Information System, and Global Positioning System, has been introduced in some of the
universities’ curriculum only few years back, and there is no book available for the students, which deals
all the units of geoinformatics. Though, the books on surveying are available in plenty but the author
thought to include it also in the book along with photogrammetry, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS, to
make it a complete text.
The book has twenty five chapters. The first section is Introduction of Geoinformatics. The second
section is on Plane Surveying which deals only with fundamentals and methods of measurements used
only in plane surveying. The third to sixth section deal with Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, GIS, and
GPS. In these chapters the author has tried to introduce the principles, working, and applications of these
technologies so that readers are introduced about these technologies at undergraduate level, and later
on they can refer to the individual books on these technologies for further knowledge and applications.
A.M. Chandra
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Acknowledgement
This book has been written at the Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, and author expresses his deep
gratitude to Mr. Zenebe Zewdie, Director, Academic Program Evaluation & Implementation, Arba
Minch University, Dr. Negash Wagesho Amencho, Scientific Director, Arba Minch University, and all
staff of the university who helped directly or indirectly in producing this book in the present form.
The author also wishes to acknowledge the love and affection of his son Dr. Anshuman Chandra
and daughter Ms. Arushi Chandra, presently in USA, which provided him the strength to complete
this project. Further, the books “Plane Surveying”, ‘Higher Surveying”, and “Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System” by the author have been of great help to him in writing this book.
The author also acknowledges with thanks the works and articles of various authors available on
Internet which have been taken to improve the quality of subject matter wherever found necessary.
A.M. Chandra
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Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgement vii
SECTION I: GEOINFORMATICS
Chapter 1: Introduction 3–4
1.0 General 3
1.1 Mutual Relationship of Components of Geoinformatics 3
SECTION II: PLANE SURVEYING
Chapter 2: Introduction and Basic Concepts 7–11
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Definition and Principle of Surveying 7
2.1.1 Definition of Surveying 7
2.1.2 Principle of Surveying 7
2.2 Definitions of Some Basic Terms 8
2.3 Concept of Errors in Surveying 9
2.3.1 Classification of Errors 10
2.3.2 Sources of Errors 11
2.3.3 Propagation of Errors 11
Chapter 3: Horizontal Distance Measurement 12–18
3.0 Introduction 12
3.1 Methods of Distance Measurements 12
3.1.1 Distance Measurements by Direct Method 12
3.1.2 Distance Measurements by Indirect Methods 14
3.1.3 Distance Measurements with EDM 17
Chapter 4: Angle and Direction Measurement 19–29
4.0 Introduction 19
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