Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity

21 Pages·2003·0.11 MB·English

Geography in Early Judaism
and Christianity
The Book of Jubilees
JAMES M. SCOTT
PUBLISHEDBYTHEPRESSSYNDICATEOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGE
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(cid:1)C JamesM.Scott2002
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Firstpublished2002
Reprinted2003
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
TypefaceTimes10/12pt. SystemLATEX2ε [TB]
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Scott,JamesM.
GeographyinearlyJudaismandChristianity:thebookofJubilees/byJamesM.Scott.
p. cm.–(SocietyofNewTestamentStudiesmonographseries;113)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN052180812X hardback
1.BookofJubileesVIII–IX–Geography. 2.Bible.O.T.GenesisX–Geography.
3.Geography,Ancient. 4.Geography,Ancient–Maps. 5.BookofJubilees
VIII–IX–Criticism,interpretation,etc.–History–To1500. 6.Christianliterature,
Early–Historyandcriticism.I.Title. II.Monographseries(SocietyforNew
TestamentStudies);113.
BS1830.J8S45 2001
229(cid:2).911–dc21 2001035282
ISBN052180812Xhardback
CONTENTS
Preface pageviii
Introduction 1
1 TheMappamundiofQueenKypros 5
2 Jubilees8–9 23
3 Luke-Acts 44
4 Pseudo-ClementineRecognitions1.27–71 97
5 TheophilusofAntioch 126
6 HippolytusofRome 135
7 MedievalMappaemundi 159
Conclusion 171
Notes 177
Bibliography 259
Indexofancientliterature 305
Indexofmodernauthors 329
vii
1
THE MAPPAMUNDI OF QUEEN KYPROS
Introduction
A most interesting and enigmatic cartographic text has apparently es-
caped the notice of historians of cartography – an epigram of Philip of
Thessalonica,whowroteinRomeduringthereignsofTiberius(14–37
CE)andGaius(37–41CE).1 Thisepideicticepigram(Anth.Pal.9.778)
praisesanartisticallywoventapestrythatwassentasagiftfromaqueen
toanunnamed,reigningCaesar,presumablyoneoftheaforementioned
Romanemperors.Thetapestryitselfissaidtodisplaytheinhabitedworld
andthesurroundingOcean.Weareevidentlydealingherewithaworld
“map”doneineitherwoolorlinen,2 makingitperhapsoneoftheearli-
estrecordedmappaemundiintheliteralsenseoftheterm(i.e.,“clothof
theworld”).3 Itshouldbenotedherethattheimageofweavingisused
extensivelyinconnectionwithweavingnarratives,soliteraryandvisual
productions,inwhichtheworldmaybedescribed,areneatlylinked.4
Philip’stantalizinglybriefpoempromptsseveralquestions.Whowas
the queen who made the tapestry and sent it as a gift? What picture of
the world are we to imagine on the tapestry? What is the cartographic
source(s) for the “map”?5 In seeking to answer these questions, how-
ever provisionally, the present chapter opens our discussion of Jewish
geographicalconceptionswithacameoofthesubjectathand.Thiswill
provideusnotonlywithafittingexampleofthekindofevidencethatis
availableforourwork,butalsowithasalientreminderofthedifficulties
inherentinthetask.
Philip’sEpigram(Anth.Pal.9.778)
WebeginourinvestigationwiththetextofPhilip’sepigram:6
Γα(cid:3)αν τ(cid:6)ν Σ(cid:1)ρ(cid:1)(cid:8)καρπ(cid:11)ν (cid:12)σην (cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:2)ωκ(cid:1) π(cid:1)ρA(cid:3)θων
(cid:18)κ(cid:1)αν(cid:19)ς µ(cid:1)γ(cid:23)λωι KαAσαρι π(cid:1)ιθ(cid:11)µ(cid:1)(cid:8)νην
κα(cid:26) γλαυκEν µ(cid:1) θ(cid:23)λασσαν (cid:28)πηκρι(cid:29)(cid:30)σατ(cid:11) [K(cid:31)πρ(cid:11)ς]
5
6 GeographyinEarlyJudaismandChristianity
κ(cid:1)ρκAσιν στ(cid:11)πBν(cid:11)ις π(cid:23)ντ! (cid:28)π(cid:11)µα"αµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νη.
KαAσαρι δ! (cid:1)$"(cid:1)Aνωι (cid:3)(cid:23)ρις %λθ(cid:11)µ(cid:1)ν, &ν γ’ρ (cid:28)ν(cid:23)σσης
δ(ρα Σ(cid:1)(cid:8)ρ(cid:1)ιν τ’ θ(cid:1)(cid:11)(cid:3)ς κα(cid:26) πρ(cid:26)ν )Σ(cid:1)ιλBµ(cid:1)να.
Modellingallwithshuttlelabouringontheloom,[Kypros]made
me,aperfectcopyoftheharvest-bearingearth,allthattheland-
encirclingoceangirdles,obedienttogreatCaesar,andthegray
seatoo.WehavecomeasagratefulreturnforCaesar’shospi-
tality; it was a queen’s duty, to bring gifts so long due to the
gods.
Here, we read of a woman’s skillful handiwork at the loom. Philip’s
description suggests that the resulting tapestry was a genuine work of
art, for the participle (cid:28)π(cid:11)µα"αµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νη comes from a verb ((cid:28)π(cid:11)µ(cid:23)σσω)
whichinthemiddlevoiceisusedinthesenseof“model”asasculptor
(cf.LSJ,s.v.,209).Moreover,theparticipleisconstruedwithamainverb
((cid:28)πακρι(cid:29)B(cid:11)µαι)whichislikewiseusedofsculpturing,thistimeinthe
senseof“makeexact.”7Hence,thetapestryisdescribednotonlyasawork
ofartbutalsoasanexactreplicaoftheworldthatitsoughttoportray.8
Allowingforsomeexaggerationandpoeticlicense,wemaynevertheless
conclude that the tapestry must have been quite impressive to behold.9
WewillreturntoPhilip’sdescriptionofthetapestryafterattemptingto
identifythe“queen”whomadeitandthe“Caesar”forwhomshemadeit.
TheidentificationofthequeenandthereigningCaesar
Itisdifficulttoascertainwhothemakerandgiverofthisartistictapestry
may have been. We know that the artist must have been a woman, for
in line 5 she is called an *νασσα (“queen, lady”). Furthermore, the
name of the queen is undoubtedly to be found in K(cid:23)ρπ(cid:11)ς, which is
the reading preserved in line 3 of the manuscript. While the masculine
K(cid:23)ρπ(cid:11)ς isnotusuallyanameforawoman,thetextclearlypresupposes
that the name belongs to a woman, as seen by the feminine participle
(cid:28)π(cid:11)µα"αµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νη,whichtakesitsgenderfromtheassumedsubjectofthe
mainclause.Verylikely,therefore,K(cid:23)ρπ(cid:11)ς isacorruptionforanother
name. The identification of this person is indeed the linchpin for the
interpretationoftheentireepigram.
As a solution to this problem, Conrad Cichorius made the ingenious
suggestionthatK(cid:23)ρπ(cid:11)ς shouldbeemendedtotheorthographicallysim-
ilarnameK(cid:31)πρ(cid:11)ς,andthatthisKyprosshouldbeidentifiedasthegrand-
daughterofHerodtheGreatandthewifeofAgrippaI,anothergrandchild
ofHerod.10 Kypros,too,seemstobearelativelyuncommonnamefora
ThemappamundiofQueenKypros 7
woman,whichmayperhapsexplainwhythetextualcorruptionhappened
inthefirstplace.11Indeed,wemaynotethatapparentlytheonlywomen
of royal lineage who are known to have had this name belonged to the
Herodiandynasty.12
InterpretingtheemendednameasareferencetoKypros,thewifeof
Agrippa I, is consistent with the description of the woman in Philip’s
epigram. First, the term *νασσα applies to a “queen” or a “lady” of a
royal household.13 Used mostly in poetry rather than in prose (cf. LSJ,
s.v.,121),*νασσα isnotoneofthemostcommontermsforthequeenofa
Romanclientkingdom.14Nevertheless,itisusedapparentlyofCleopatra
Selene (Anth. Pal. 9.752.3), the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra VII
whomAugustusmarriedtoKingJubaIIofMauretania(ca.20BCE).15
Hence,thereferencetoKyprosasan*νασσα maysignalthatshebelongs
to one of the client kingdoms that stand in a vassal relationship with
Rome.16 Upon his accession to the throne in 37 CE, Emperor Gaius
declaredAgrippa“king”((cid:29)ασιλ(cid:1)(cid:31)ς)oftheformertetrarchiesofPhilip
andLysanias(JW2.181;Ant.18.237),17 thusmakingKyprosa“queen”
ofaRomanclientkingdom.18
Second,thepoemseemstosuggestthatthequeeninquestionhassome
kind of rapport with the reigning “Caesar.”19 Again, this fits Kypros,
whose husband enjoyed a close, personal relationship with Emperor
Gaius.20Likeothersonsofclientkings,AgrippahadlivedinRomefrom
childhoodunderpatronageoftheimperialfamily(Josephus,Ant.18.143).
He had, in fact, been brought up with Gaius (§191). When Emperor
TiberiuslateracceptedAgrippaintohisowninnercircle,Agrippadeep-
enedhisrelationshipwithGaiusandtriedtoimpresshimwithextravagant
spending (Josephus, JW 2.178; Ant. 18.166–7). Agrippa went so far in
currying favor with Gaius that he expressed the hope that Gaius would
soonreplaceTiberiusasemperor,aremarkwhichprovokedTiberiusand
landedAgrippainprison(JW2.179–80;Ant.18.168–9,186–92).After
Tiberius’death,GaiusreleasedAgrippafromprisonandappointedhim
kingasarewardforhisloyalty.IfAgrippa’swifeistheonedescribedin
Philip’sepigram,thenhergiftpaystributetotheRomanemperorasan
expressionofthelong-standing,personalrelationshipbetweenAgrippa
andCaesar.21
Third, Philip’s epigram implies that the queen in question was polit-
ically involved for the sake of her husband. Again, this fits Kypros.22
As Josephus tells us, Agrippa had a particularly intelligent wife, who
oftenintervenedonbehalfofherhusband.23Forexample,whenAgrippa
was destitute and at the point of suicide, Kypros’ intercession won for
Agrippa the help of his sister’s husband, Antipas (Ant. 18.147–9). On
8 GeographyinEarlyJudaismandChristianity
another occasion, when he was again in dire financial straits, Agrippa
begged Alexander the alabarch to loan him a large sum of money, but
Alexanderrefused.OnlywhenKyprosinterveneddidAlexanderrelent,
“becausehemarveledatherloveforherhusbandandallherothergood
qualities”(Ant.18.159).IfAgrippa’swifeistheonedescribedinPhilip’s
epigram,thenhergifttoCaesarprovidesyetanotherexampleofhowshe
intervenedwithapoliticalbenefactoronbehalfofherhusband.Itcouldbe
arguedthatweavingwastheidealforJewishwomenofhighreputewho
enhancedtheirhusbands’politicalstanding.24Theepigramdoesnotstate
theoccasionforthegifttoCaesar.IfthequeenisKypros,thenJosephus
recordsanepisodeduringthereignofAgrippa,probablyinthesummer
of39CE,25 whichmayhavebeentheoccasionforKypros’gift.Herod
AntipaswasurgedbyhiswifeHerodias,Agrippa’ssister,togotoItalyto
petitionGaiusforthestatusofking,toequalhisbrother-in-law(Josephus,
Ant.18.240–54).ButAgrippa,whenhelearnedoftheirplanandofthe
lavishgiftsthattheywerebringingtoGaius,madehisownpreparations.
“Andwhenheheardthattheyhadsetsail,”Josephuswrites,“hehimself
alsodispatchedFortunatus,oneofhisfreedmen,toRome,chargedwith
presentsfortheemperorandlettersagainstHerod...”(§247).26Perhaps
Kypros’artistictapestrywasamongthepresentsthatweredeliveredto
Gaiusonthisoccasion.Certaintyis,ofcourse,impossible.
Nikos Kokkinos suggests another possible occasion for the queen’s
gift.27 If, as he believes, Agrippa I and Kypros accompanied Gaius to
the western extremes of the Empire in 39/40 CE,28 then Kypros may
havewantedtocommemoratethisgrandexpeditionwiththeproduction
of a mappamundi. Kokkinos surmises that the tapestry must have been
preparedinRome,forAgrippa’sreturntoPalestineoccurredonlyinthe
autumnof41.Therefore,Romaninfluences,suchasthefamous“map”
ofM.VipsaniusAgrippa,mayberelevanthere(seefurtherbelow).We
maywonder,however,whethertheemperor’sinvitationtoaccompanythe
expeditionwaspromptedbythegift,orratherthegiftbytheexpedition.
Moreover,thecommonlyaccepteddateforpublicationoftheGarlandof
Philip(40CE)seemstopointtowardtheearlierdateforthegiftandthe
epigram,althoughthedateofpublicationisdisputedandmayhavebeen
duringthereignofNero(seeabove).
Theimagomundiofthetapestry
Asbefittinganepigram,Philip’sdescriptionisquitelaconic,mentioning
only the two most basic components of the world map depicted on the
tapestry–landandsea.Nevertheless,bycarefullyexaminingthepoem
ThemappamundiofQueenKypros 9
linebyline,wemaybeabletomakesomereasonabledeductionsabout
thenatureoftheimage.
In line 1, Philip refers to the “harvest-bearing earth” (γα(cid:3)αν
Σ(cid:1)ρ(cid:1)(cid:8)καρπ(cid:11)ν).AlthoughanOrphichymnaddressesthe“goddessGaia”
(Γα(cid:3)α θ(cid:1)(cid:23))as,amongotherthings,“harvest-bearing”(Σ(cid:1)ρ(cid:1)(cid:8)καρπ(cid:1)),29
we need not conclude from this that Philip also uses γα(cid:3)α as a proper
noun.Fortheverynextclauseinline1–“asmuchastheland-encircling
Ocean girdles” ((cid:12)σην (cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:2)ωκ(cid:1) π(cid:1)ρA(cid:3)θων (cid:18)κ(cid:1)ανBς) – modifies γα(cid:3)α,
thus showing that γα(cid:3)α is meant primarily in the geographical sense
of “earth.” On the other hand, the whole concept may reflect Homeric
mythology, for in the Iliad (14.200; cf. 301) Hera is made to say: “For
IshallseetheboundsofthefertileEarth,andOcean,progenitorofthe
gods”((cid:1)+µι γ’ρ )ψ(cid:11)µ(cid:1)(cid:8)νη π(cid:11)λυΣBρ(cid:29)(cid:11)υ π(cid:1)Aρατα γαAης ’Ωκ(cid:1)ανBν
τ(cid:1) θ(cid:1)(ν γ(cid:1)(cid:8)ν(cid:1)σιν).30 Strabo, who defends the Homeric picture of the
knownworldassubstantiallytrue,alsoreferstothispassageintheIliad
(Geog. 1.1.7), showing that this conception persisted even to the first
centuryBCE.
PhilipdescribesKypros’mappamundiintermsthatwouldhavebeen
readilyunderstandableinbothGreco-RomanandJewishcultures.31The
Homeric notion of Earth as an island landmass encircled by Ocean re-
tained an astonishingly persistent hold.32 Homer conceived of Ocean
as a great river that compasses the earth’s disk, returning into itself
(Il. 18.399; Od. 20.65).33 Ocean is represented as wrought on the cir-
cular rim of Achilles’ shield (Il. 18.607–8),34 which provides a fitting
parallel to Kypros’ artistic production.35 Anaximander (610–540 BCE)
is reportedly the first to have mapped such a conception.36 Already in
thefifthcenturyBCE,Herodotus(4.36;cf.2:23)scoffedatthisconcep-
tion:“Ilaughtoseehowmanyhavenowdrawnmapsoftheworld,not
oneofthemshowingthematterreasonably;fortheydrawtheworldas
roundasiffashionedbycompasses,encircledbytheriverofOcean...”37
Nevertheless,thisimageoftheworldneverreallydiedout.Infact,itexpe-
riencedarenaissanceinthefirstcenturyBCEpreciselybecauseitsowell
suitedRomanimperialideologyandaspiration.Thus,Cicero(Somn.20)
describestheinhabitedworldwhichtheRomansdominateasa“smallis-
land,”oblonginshapeandsurroundedbyOcean.38Strabo(Geog.2.5.17)
statesthatthe“inhabitedworld”((cid:11).κ(cid:11)υµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νη)is“surroundedbywater”
(π(cid:1)ρAρρυτ(cid:11)ς), a view that he explicitly attributes to Homer as the
firstgeographercorrectlytodescribetheearthassurroundedbyOcean
(1.1.3–10).39 Ovid(43BCE–17CE)regardsDelphiasthecenterofthe
earth (Met. 10.167–8), and holds the Homeric concept of the earth as
a disk surrounded by Ocean (Met. 2.5–7). An epigram of Antipater of
10 GeographyinEarlyJudaismandChristianity
Thessalonica(Anth.Pal.9.297),whichwasprobablyaddressedtoGaius
CaesarwhensentbyAugustustotheEastin1BCE,describestheRoman
Empire as “bounded on all sides by Ocean” ((cid:18)κ(cid:1)αν(cid:5) π(cid:1)ριτ(cid:1)(cid:8)ρµ(cid:11)να
π(cid:23)ντ(cid:11)θ(cid:1)ν). Writing in 43/44 CE, Pomponius Mela (De chorographia
1.3–8)likewisedescribestheearthinhispioneeringLatingeographyas
encircled by Ocean.40 Obviously, the Ocean as a definer of the Roman
EmpirewasacrucialfeatureoftheRomanmentalmap.41 Inlightofall
theotherstrongHomericechoesinourepigram,itseemsclearthatPhilip
describesKypros’tapestrymapintermsoftheHomericgeographictradi-
tionthathadrecentlybeenreinstatedforuseinRomanimperialideology.
The Old Testament (OT) contains a similar conception of the world,
whoseclosestNearEasternparallelisthefamousBabylonianworldmap
fromSippar,datingtothelateeighthorseventhcenturyBCE.42Thiscele-
brated,littlemap(ca.90mmindiameter),whichisuniqueamongancient
Mesopotamianmaps,showstheworldasacirculardisksurroundedby
Ocean(marratu).Aholeatthecenterofthemapisevidentlytheresult
ofthecompassusedtocarvetheconcentriccircles;itdoesnotseemto
represent a city or other landmark conceived of as the center or navel
of the world. Circles are used to indicate cities or countries, but none
ofthemisatthecenterofthedisk.Eightoutlyingregions,triangularin
shapeandradiatingoutfromtheouteredgeoftheworld,arethehomeof
strangeorlegendarybeings.Atthetopthescribehaswritten,“Wherethe
sunisnotseen,”toindicatethenorth.Theaccompanyingtext,apparently
describingtheseregions,mentionsUtnapishtim(thewell-knownheroof
the flood story in the Gilgamesh Epic), Sargon of Akkad (the famous
third-millenniumkingwhowasrememberedastheconqueroroftheen-
tire world), and the “four quandrants” of the earth’s surface. Evidently,
wearedealingherewithamapthatisconcernedtoshowtheworldwide
extentoftheBabylonianEmpire.43
According to Job 26:10, God “has described a circle on the face of
the waters, at the boundary between light and darkness.” This could be
interpretedasmeaningthatthedisk-shapedworldisboundedbywaterall
around.AccordingtoGen.1:9–10,describingthethirddayofcreation,
“God said, ‘Let the waters under the sky be gathered together into one
place, and let the dry land appear.’ And it was so. God called the dry
land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas.”
4 Ezra, a late first-century pseudepigraphon, goes beyond Gen. 1:9–10
byaddingthattheratioofearth-to-seawassix-to-one:“Onthethirdday
you commanded the waters to be gathered together in the seventh part
oftheearth;sixpartsyoudriedupandkeptsothatsomeofthemmight
be planted and cultivated and be of service for you” (4 Ezra 6:42).44
ThemappamundiofQueenKypros 11
This suggests perhaps that the earth is composed predominantly of a
landmasssurroundedbyarelativelythinstripofwater.45Accordingtothe
ExagogeofEzekieltheTragedian,whowroteprobablyduringthesecond
centuryBCEinAlexandria,MosesdreamedofascendingathroneonMt.
Sinai, from which he beheld “the entire circular earth” (γ/ν *πασαν
(cid:1)(cid:15)γκυκλ(cid:11)ν,line77),i.e.,“thewholeearthorinhabitedworld”(γ/ν (cid:12)λην
τ! (cid:11).κ(cid:11)υµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νην,line87).46Rabbinicliteraturemakessimilarstatements
aboutAlexandertheGreat.47
In line 2, Philip further describes the whole earth as “obedient to
great Caesar” (µ(cid:1)γ(cid:23)λωι KαAσαρι π(cid:1)ιθ(cid:11)µ(cid:1)(cid:8)νην). To underscore the
emperor’sclaimtouniversalsovereignty,thetextadds,aswehaveseen,
thatthewholeearth,“asmuchastheland-encirclingOceangirdles,”is
subjecttoCaesar.Atthispoint,Philipissimplyreflectingthegrandiose
Romanimperialideologyofhisday,whichheldthattheRomanEmpire
wascoextensivewiththeinhabitedworld.48AccordingtoPlutarch(Caes.
58.6–7), Julius Caesar “planned and prepared to make an expedition
againsttheParthians;andaftersubduingtheseandmarchingaroundthe
EuxinebywayofHyrcania,theCaspianSea,andtheCaucasus,toinvade
Scythia;andafteroverrunningthecountriesborderingonGermanyand
Germany itself, to come back by way of Gaul to Italy, and so to com-
pletethecircuitofhisempire,whichwouldthenbeboundedonallsides
by Ocean” (κα(cid:26) συν(cid:23)ψαι τ(cid:19)ν κ(cid:31)κλ(cid:11)ν τ(cid:11)0τ(cid:11)ν τ/ς 1γ(cid:1)µ(cid:11)νAας τ(cid:5)
παντα(cid:3)Bθ(cid:1)ν ’Ωκ(cid:1)αν(cid:5) π(cid:1)ρι(cid:11)ρισθ(cid:1)Aσης).49 This plan failed to mate-
rialize. In the Preamble of his Res Gestae, however, Augustus, the first
emperoroftheRomanEmpire,announcesthathehasattaineddominion
overthewholeorbisterrarum(“circleoftheworld”).50Duringtheearly
Empire,thefictionoftheemperor’srulingthewholeworldwasperpet-
uated in the imperial ruler cult. Thus, an altar inscription from Narbo
dated to 11 CE honors Augustus, referring to the “day on which he re-
ceivedimperiumovertheorbisterrarum...”51Likewise,GaiusCaligula
was expected to become “ruler of the inhabited world” (1γ(cid:1)µ2ν τ/ς
(cid:11).κ(cid:11)υµ(cid:1)(cid:8)νης)whenheaccededtothethrone(Josephus,Ant.18.187).52
Philo(Legat.8)reportsthatafterthedeathofTiberius,Gaiussucceededto
“thesovereigntyofthewholeearthandthesea”(τ(cid:6)ν 1γ(cid:1)µ(cid:11)νAαν π(cid:23)σης
γ/ς κα(cid:26) θαλ(cid:23)σσης).
Inline3,Philipreferstothe“graysea”(γλαυκ(cid:6) θ(cid:23)λασσα).Sincehe
hasalreadymentionedOceanthatencirclestheearth(lines1–2),aref-
erencetothe“graysea”mightsuggestadifferentbodyofwater.Onthe
otherhand,theideathattheearthissurroundedbytheMareOceanum,as
graphicallyportrayedinthemapsofMacrobiusandofIsidoreofSeville,
allowsusperhapstoequatethe“graysea”withthesurroundingOcean.