Table Of ContentGeography and Drug Addiction
· ·
Yonette F. Thomas Douglas Richardson
Ivan Cheung
Editors
Geography and Drug
Addiction
Foreword by Douglas Richardson
123
Editors
YonetteF.Thomas IvanCheung
NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety
NationalInstitutesofHealth 1005N.GlebeRoad
EpidemiologyResearchBranch ArlingtonVA22201
DivisionofEpidemiology, Suite800
ServicesandPreventionResearch USA
Bethesda,MD
USA
DouglasRichardson
AssociationofAmerican
Geographers
171016thSt.,Nw
WashingotnDC20009
USA
[email protected]
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Foreword
Making Connections: Geography and Drug Addiction
Geographyinvolvesmakingconnections–connectionsinourworldamongpeople
andplaces,cultures,humanactivities,andnaturalprocesses.Itinvolvesunderstand-
ing the relationships and ‘connections’ between seemingly disparate or unrelated
ideasandbetweenwhatisandwhatmightbe.
Geography also involves connecting with people. When I first encountered an
extraordinarily vibrant, intelligent, and socially engaged scientist at a private din-
nerseveralyearsago,Iwasimmediatelycaptivatedbytheintensityofherpassion
to understand how and why people become addicted to drugs, and what could be
donetotreatorpreventdrugaddiction.Fortunately,shewaswillingtothinkbeyond
the bounds of her own discipline in her search for answers. Our conversation that
evening, which began with her research on fundamental biochemical processes of
drugaddictioninthehumanbody,evolvedinevitablytoanexplorationoftheways
in which research on the geographical context of drug addiction might contribute
to the better understanding of etiology of addiction, its diffusion, its interaction
with geographically variable environmental, social, and economic factors, and the
strategiesforitstreatmentandprevention.
This fascinating woman, I soon learned, was Nora Volkow, the Director of the
NationalInstituteonDrugAbuseaswellasthegranddaughterofLeonTrotsky.Our
chance encounter that evening led to further wide-ranging discussions during sev-
eralsubsequentmonthsontheinteractionsbetweengeographyanddrugaddiction,
resulting ultimately in an agreement between the Association of American Geog-
raphers and the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) National Institute on Drug
Abuse(NIDA)tojointlysponsoraspecialsymposiumonresearchtopicsrelatedto
geographyanddrugaddiction.
ThisspecialAAG/NIDASymposiumeventuallytookplaceinMarch8,2006in
conjunction with the 2006 Annual Meeting of the AAG in Chicago, Illinois. We
invited interested geographers, neuroscientists, GIScientists, medical researchers,
epidemiologists, geneticists, and others with expertise in geographical dimensions
ofdrugaddictionandabusetoapplytoparticipateinthesymposium.Themesad-
dressedincluded:
(cid:2)
(cid:2) Spatialpatternsofdruguseandaddiction
Linkingspatialmodelswithneuroscienceandgeneticsindrugabuseresearch
v
vi Foreword
(cid:2)
Interaction of social and environmental factors with biochemical processes of
(cid:2) addiction
Geographic analysis linking demographic and genetic characteristics related to
(cid:2) drugaddictionandtreatment
(cid:2) Locationalanalysesofdrugaddictiontreatmentandservicedeliveryfacilities
Neighborhood scale studies of geographic factors (including the built environ-
(cid:2) ment)andtheirinteractionwithdrugaddiction,treatment,orprevention
UseofGeographicInformationSystemstobetterunderstandandrespondtodrug
(cid:2) addiction
Spatialdiffusionmodelingofaddictivedrugusageanditschangingcharacteris-
(cid:2) tics,includingpredictivemodeling
Interaction of other spatially dependent variables with drug addiction, or with
(cid:2) preventionandtreatmentstrategies
Othergeographicresearchrelevanttobetterunderstandingtheetiologyofdrug
useandaddiction
Attendance at the Geography and Drug Abuse Symposium was open to all and
generated wide-ranging discussion and many new ideas for research and collab-
oration. Results of the symposium and subsequent conversations among the par-
ticipants appear in this book, which we hope will help guide the development of
future research agendas within geography and GIScience, and within NIDA and
morebroadlyatNIH.
There has not been a great deal of past research on the connections between
geographyanddrugaddiction.Thus,itisimportanttonotethatthepurposeofthis
book is to explore the relatively new terrain of an embryonic field of research. As
such,thisbookrepresentsaninitialattempttoidentifyresearchideas,connections,
and research pathways which point to some promising avenues for future work in
thisarea.
It is our hope that our initial explorations of research pathways and agendas in
this book will generate far greater interest in and significant funding for this im-
portant new field. If we are successful in this goal, we look forward to publishing
subsequent volumes reporting on what we believe will soon be a rapidly growing
andmaturefieldofresearch,essentialtounderstandingandtreatingdrugaddiction.I
wouldliketothankourpublisher,Springer,whoseeditorswerequicktoappreciate
the significance of this new field of research and encouraged our early efforts by
publishing not only this first volume exploring these linkages and research needs,
butbyalsobyinitiatinganewseriesofbooksonthistheme,withthisbookasthe
initialvolumeintheseries.
Wealsohopethatthe‘connections’forgedbetweenthetopicsofgeographyand
drugaddiction–andbetweentheAAGandNIDA–willprovidegeographiccontext
andanalysistosupportNIH’songoingeffortstounderstandthecomplexprocesses
of drug addiction. I believe this book and these connections have the potential to
create an extraordinarily fertile new field for geographic research, one which has
significant potential for real-world benefit through better understanding and treat-
mentofthescourgewhichisdrugaddiction.
Foreword vii
I would like to thank Nora Volkow, who helped ‘brainstorm’ this collaborative
processandwhodeliveredthesymposium’skeynoteaddress,andourdistinguished
NIDAcolleaguesYonetteThomasandWilsonComptonfortheirsustainedsupport
andfriendship,aswellasthemanycolleaguesandcontributorsfromtheworldsof
geographyandmedicalscienceswhomadethesymposiumandthisbookpossible.
DouglasRichardson
ExecutiveDirector
AssociationofAmericanGeographers
Contents
PartI IntegratingGeographyinDrugAbuseResearch
1 PlacingSubstanceAbuse ........................................ 1
SaraMcLafferty
2 IntegratingGeographyandSocialEpidemiologyinDrugAbuse
Research ...................................................... 17
YonetteThomas,DouglasRichardsonandIvanCheung
PartII Geo-epidemiologyinDrugAbuseResearch
3 IntegratingGISintotheStudyofContextualFactorsAffecting
InjectionDrugUseAlongtheMexico/USBorder .................. 27
KimberlyC.Brouwer,JohnR.Weeks,RemediosLozadaandSteffanie
A.Strathdee
4 TheSpatialContextofAdolescentAlcoholUse .................... 43
KarenA.Snedker,JeraldR.Herting
5 MigrationPatternsandSubstanceUseamongYoungHomeless
Travelers ...................................................... 65
Stephen E. Lankenau, BillSanders, Jennifer Jackson Bloom, Dodi
Hathazi,EricaAlarcon,StephanieTortuandMichaelC.Clatts
6 ResidentialMobilityandDrugUseAmongParoleesinSanDiego,
CaliforniaandImplicationsforPolicy ............................ 85
MeaganCahillandNancyLaVigne
7 SocialDisorganization,Alcohol,andDrugMarketsandViolence ....117
AniruddhaBanerjee,ElizabethLaScala,PaulJ.Gruenewald,Bridget
Freisthler,AndrewTrenoandLillianG.Remer
ix
x Contents
8 IntegratedAssessmentofAddictionEpidemiologyinHongKong,
1996–2005 .....................................................131
ShuiShanLeeandPhoebeTTPang
9 ResidentialSegregationandthePrevalenceofInjectionDrugUse
amongBlackAdultResidentsofUSMetropolitanAreas ............145
Hannah L.F Cooper, Samuel R. Friedman, Barbara Tempalski
andRisaFriedman
10 TheRelationshipofEcologicalContainmentandHeroinPractices ...159
AvelardoValdezandAliceCepeda
11 Comparing Unintentional Opioid Poisoning Mortality in
Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Counties, United States,
1999–2003 .....................................................175
NabarunDasgupta,MicheleJo¨nssonFunkandJohnS.Brownstein
12 Spatial Patterns of Clandestine Methamphetamine Labs in
ColoradoSprings,Colorado .....................................193
MaxLuandJessicaBurnum
13 ATherapeuticLandscape?ContextualizingMethamphetaminein
NorthDakota ..................................................209
KevinRomigandAlexFeidler
14 AreSpatialVariablesImportant?TheCaseofMarketsforMultiple
DrugsinBritishBengal .........................................221
SiddharthChandraandAaronSwoboda
PartIII GeographyofInjectionDrugUsersandHIV
15 HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV)InfectionRatesandHeroin
Trafficking:FearfulSymmetries .................................243
ChrisBeyrer
16 MetropolitanAreaCharacteristics,InjectionDrugUseandHIV
AmongInjectors ...............................................255
SamuelR.Friedman,BarbaraTempalski,HannahCooper,Spencer
Lieb,JoanneBrady,PeterL.Flom,RisaFriedman,KarlaGostnelland
DonCDesJarlais
Contents xi
17 FactorsInfluencingDrugUseandHIVRiskinTwoNicaraguan
Cities .........................................................267
Michele G. Shedlin, Rita Arauz, Pascual Ortells, Mariana Aburto
andDaniloNorori
18 DrugUseandHIV/AIDS:RiskEnvironments
inPost-SovietRussia............................................287
DominiqueMoran
19 SubstanceAbuseandHIVinChina ..............................305
XiushiYang
PartIV GeographicDimensionsofDrugTreatmentandPrevention
20 PlacingtheDynamicsofSyringeExchangeProgramsintheUnited
States .........................................................319
BarbaraTempalski
21 Theeffectofindividual,program,andneighborhoodvariableson
continuityoftreatmentamongduallydiagnosedindividuals ........337
Gerald J. Stahler, Silvana Mazzella, Jeremy Mennis, Sanjoy
Chakravorty,GeorgeRengertandRalphSpiga
22 ExploringtheReciprocalEffectsofSubstanceAbuseTreatment
ProvisionandAreaSubstanceAbuse .............................353
MatthewE.Archibald
23 UsingaGISFrameworktoAssessHurricaneRecoveryNeedsof
SubstanceAbuseCenterClientsinKatrina-andRita-AffectedAreas 369
TraciCraigGreenandCynthiaPope
24 UsingGIStoIdentifyDrugMarketsandReduceDrug-Related
Violence .......................................................395
EleazerD.Hunt,MartySumner,ThomasJ.ScholtenandJamesM.
Frabutt
PartV EmergingResearchDirections
25 Modeling the Spatial Patterns of Substance and Drug Abuse
intheUS ......................................................415
SucharitaGopal,MattAdams,MarkVanelli
xii Contents
26 ReconceptualizingSociogeographicContextfortheStudyofDrug
Use,Abuse,andAddiction ......................................437
Mei-PoKwan,RuthD.Peterson,ChristopherR.Browning,LoriA.
Burrington,CatherineA.CalderandLaurenJ.Krivo
27 SpatialAnalyticApproachestoExplainingtheTrendsandPatterns
ofDrugOverdoseDeaths........................................447
Charlie DiMaggio, Angela Bucciarelli, Kenneth J. Tardiff, David
VlahovandSandroGalea
References.........................................................465
Index .............................................................521
