Table Of ContentAdvances in Spatial Science
Editorial Board
David F. Batten
Manfred M. Fischer
Geoffrey J.D. Hewings
Peter Nijkamp
Folke Snickars (Coordinating Editor)
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Titles in the Series
C. S. Bertuglia, A. Nagurney and S. Siokos
M. M. Fischer and G. Preto (Eds.) Financial Networks
Technological Change, XVI, 492 pages. 1997. ISBN 3-540-63u6-X
Economic Development and Space
XVI, 354 pages. 1995. ISBN 3-540-59288-1 M. M. Fischer and A. Getis (Eds.)
(out of print) Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis
X, 434 pages. 1997. ISBN 3-540-63180-1
H. Coccossis and P. Nijkamp (Eds.)
Overcoming Isolation R.H.M. Emmerink
VIII, 272 pages. 1995. ISBN 3'540-59423-X Information and Pricing
in Road Transportation
L. AnseIin and R. I.G.M. Florax (Eds.) XVI, 294 pages. 1998. ISBN 3-540-64088-6
New Directions in Spatial
Econometrics P. Rietveld and F. Bruinsma
XIX, 420 pages. 1995. ISBN 3-540-60020-5 Is Transport Infrastructure Effective?
(out of print) XIV, 384 pages. 1998. ISBN 3-540-64542-X
H. Eskelinen and F. Snickars (Eds.) P. McCann
Competitive European Peripheries The Economics of IndustriaI Location
VIII, 271 pages. 1995. ISBN 3-540-60211-9 XII, 228 pages. 1998. ISBN 3-540-64586-1
I. C.1.M. van den Bergh, P. Nijkamp L. Lundqvist, L.-G. Mattsson
and P. Rietveld (Eds.) and T. I. Kim (Eds.)
Recent Advances in SpatiaI Network Infrastructure
Equilibrium Modelling and the Urban Environment
VIII, 392 pages. 1996. ISBN 3-540-60708-0 IX, 414 pages. 1998. ISBN 3-540-64585-3
P. Nijkamp, G. Pepping R. Capello, P. Nijkamp
and D. Banister and G. Pepping
Telematics and Transport Behaviour Sustainable Cities
XII, 227 pages. 1996. ISBN 3-540-60919-9 and Energy Policies
XI, 282 pages. 1999. ISBN 3-540-64805-4
D. F. Batten and
C. Karlsson (Eds.) M. M. Fischer and P. Nijkamp (Eds.)
Infrastructure and the Spatial Dynamics of European
Complexity of Economic Development Integration
VIII, 298 päges. 1996. ISBN 3-540-61333-1 XII, 367 pages. 1999. ISBN 3-540-65817-3
T. Puu I. StillweIl, S. Geertman
Mathematical Location and and S. Openshaw (Eds.)
Land Use Theory Geographical Information
IX, 294 pages. 1997. ISBN 3-540-61819-8 and Planning
X, 454 pages. 1999. ISBN 3-540-65902-1
Y. Leung
Intelligent Spatial Decision G. I. D. Hewings, M. Sonis
Support Systems M. Madden and Y. Kimura (Eds.)
XV, 470 pages. 1997. ISBN 3-540-62518-6 Understanding and Interpreting
Economic Structure
c. S. Bertuglia, S. Lombardo X, 365 pages. 1999. ISBN 3-540-66045-3
and P. Nijkamp (Eds.)
Innovative Behaviour in Space
and Time
X, 437 pages. 1997. ISBN 3-540-62542-9
John StillweIl· Stan Geertman
Stan Openshaw (Eds.)
Geographical Information
and Planning
With 113 Figures
and 43 Tables
, Springer
Dr. John Stillwell
Prof. Stan Openshaw
University of Leeds
School of Goegraphy
Leeds, LS2 9JT
United Kingdom
Dr. Stan Geertman
University of Utrecht
Faculty of Geographical Sciences/NexpRI
Heidelberglaan 2
NL-3508 TC Utrecht
The Netherlands
Cataloging-in-Data appIied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Geographical information and planning : with 43 tables I John
StillweIl ... (ed.).
(Advances in spatial science)
ISBN 978-3-642-08517-8 ISBN 978-3-662-03954-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03954-0
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned. specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting. reproduction on microfilms or in any other ways, and storage in
data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the
provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9. 1965. in its current version. and
permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for
prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
@ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1999
The use of general descriptive names. registered names, trademarks. etc. in this publication
does not imply. even in the absence of a specific, statement. that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Hardcoverdesign: Erich Kirchner. Heidelberg
SPIN 10699592 4212202-5432 1 0 -Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
The 1990s have seen some remarkable changes in geographical information (GI)
provision and computer technology that have impacted on many of the activities
that constitute planning in all its different forms. However, relatively few texts in
the field of geographical information systems (GIS) and planning have been
published since Henk Scholten and John Stillwell edited Geographical Information
Systems for Urban and Regional Planning in 1990. This volume seeks to redress
the balance by showing how GI of various types is being used in urban, physical,
environmental, socio-economic and business planning contexts at local, regional
and national scales with the assistance of GIS and modelling methods, and how
the uses of GI and GI technologies have evolved over the last decade.
During this period, a number of meetings took place in Europe in different locations
organised initially by European Geographical Information Systems (EGIS, 1990-
94) and more recently by the Joint European Conference and Exhibition (JEC) on
Geographical Information (1995-97). These meetings brought together members of
the GI community from across the world to discuss GI research and GIS applications.
One of the Special Interest Groups associated with the JEC gatherings was that on
'Geographical Information and Planning' and several of the contributions in this
book have their origins in papers presented to the group's meetings.
We are very grateful to our forty five contributors from Austria, Belgium, Canada,
France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom and the United States of America, for taking the time and making the
effort either to convert existing papers into chapters for the book or for writing chapters
from scratch. Together, these contributions provide a hugely diverse collection,
reflecting the varied interests of those involved and the widespread developments
and applications which they have undertaken.
We are also grateful to Paul Longley who, as the book's external referee, gave
some helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Finally we are indebted to Alison Manson
in the Graphics Unit of the School of Geography at the University of Leeds, for the
immense job that she has done in transforming the contents of our original files into
high quality camera ready copy for the publishers and for maintaining her good
humour throughout the project.
John Stillwell, Stan Geertman, Stan Openshaw
Leeds
March 1999
Contents
Preface v
Introduction
1 Developments in Geographieal Information and Planning 3
JOHN STILLWELL, STAN GEERTMAN AND STAN OPENSHAW
Part I: Urban Planning and Design 23
2 Urban Planning and Geographie Information Systems 25
IAN MASSER AND HENK OTTENS
3 Geographieal Information Systems and Urban Design 43
MICHAEL BATTY, MARTIN DODGE, BIN JIANG AND ANDY SMITH
Part 11: Physical and Land Use Planning 67
4 Geographieal Information Technology and Strategie Physieal Planning 69
STAN GEERTMAN
5 Dynamic GIS and Strategie Physical Planning Support:
A Practieal Application 87
GUY ENGELEN, STAN GEERTMAN, PETRA SMITS AND COEN WESSELS
6 Spatial Information Infrastructure for Scenario Planning: 112
The Development of aLand Use Planner for Holland
HENK J. SCHOLTEN, ROß VAN DE VELDE, PIET RIETVELD
AND MAARTEN HILFERINK
7 GIS-based Road Location in Sweden: A Case Study to Minimize 135
Environmental Damage, Building Costs and Travel Time
ERIC RAPAPORT AND FOLKE SNICKARS
8 Development of the Urban Planning Cadastre in Russia 154
ILYA ZASLAVSKY AND NAUM NAIMARK
9 Geographieal Information and GIS in French Planning 170
MICHEL BERNARD AND PHILIPPE MIELLET
viii Contents
Part 111: Environmental Planning 179
10 Database Modelling for Environmental and Land U se Changes 181
CHRISTOPHE CLARAMUNT, CHRISTINE PARENT, STEFANO SPACCAPIETRA
AND MARIUS THERIAULT
11 GIS and Wind Farm Planning 203
DAVID KIDNER, ANDREW SPARKES AND MARK DOREY
12 GIS Applieations in the Water Industry 224
ADRIAN McDoNALD, JIM FOSTER, ANoY SMITH AND HARRIET CANDY
13 Use of Remote Sensing Information in Planning 242
JEAN-PAUL DONNAY
Part IV: Socio-economic Planning 261
14 Geographie Intelligenee for Regional Planning 263
JOHN STILLWELL AND COLIN WINNETT
15 The Use of GIS in Census Planning 283
DAVID MARTIN
16 Zone Design for Planning and Poliey Analysis 299
SERAPHIM ALVANIDES AND STAN OPENSHAW
17 Information and Planning in the Edueation Sector 316
JOHN STILLWELL AND ROBERT LANGLEY
18 GIS and Strategie Business Planning 334
MARTIN CLARKE
19 Intelligent GI Analysis 349
MANFRED FISCHER
Part V: Geographical Information and Planning on the Internet 369
20 Using GIS on the Internet for Planning 371
STEVE CARVER AND ROBERT PECKHAM
21 Multimedia and Urban Planning 391
CRISTINA GOUVEIA AND ANTÖNIO CAMARA
22 Integrated Information Direetory Services: Faeilitating the Transfer 403
and Exploitation of Scienee and Teehnology on the World Wide Web
CHRISTINE LEIGH, PETER DEW, RICHARD DREW AND JAYNE CURSON
Future Developments 423
23 Geoeyber Planning in the Digital Demoeraey of 2099 425
STAN OPENSHAW
Contents ix
Acronyms 437
Figures 445
Tables 449
Contributors 451
Introduction
1 Developments in Geographical
Information and Planning
John StiHweH1, Stan Geertman2 and Stan Openshaw1
1 School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9IT, United Kingdom
2 Faculty of Geographical Sciences/NexpRI, Utrecht University,
Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands
1.1 Introduction
We are living in the 'information age'; we are part of the 'information society'.
Information has value beeause it ean be used to extend our knowledge, enhanee our
wisdom and reduee our uneertainty. It helps us to understand how the world around
us works and assists us in making better decisions about developments that will
affect our eireumstanees. The value of information is evident when there is an
improvement in the outeome resulting from the decision that is made. Take the
example of an edueational planner seeking to establish the best site for a new sehool
in a suburban neighbourhood. Sueh a loeation decision will be improved with the
availability of information about the residential addresses ofhouseholds with ehildren
in the area who are likely to attend the new sehool onee it has been built. In this
example, as in many others, the problem is a spatial one and the information has a
an
geographical referenee. Probably 85 per eent or more of information is eapable of
being regarded as geographie information because it ean be spatially refereneed.
Thus it ean be ealled 'geoinformation'. The adoption of the term geoinformation has
been accompanied by the emergenee or popularisation of a suite of 'geo' terms
including geodata, geodemography, geomarketing, geoinformaties, geomatics and,
most recently, geocomputation.
Planning, in its broadest sense, is c1early an aetivity that requires information about
existing as weH as future situations, and many types of planning have either implicit
or explicit spatial dimensions whether they are distinguished by seale (e.g. global,
national, regional, urban, loeal) or by seetor (e.g. transport, energy, resourees, health,
edueation, town). Physical planners require geoinformation about geology or land
use when they are preparing alternative proposals to eonstruet a new road or to build
a new town; environmental managers must be informed about the incidenee of wildlife
species when designating sites of special natural interest; socio-economie planners
need geographical information about social deprivation if they are to provide support
for those most in need; and business planners make strategie decisions on the basis
of geoinformation about their eustomers. In all these eases, and in a multitude of
other situations where spatial decisons have to be made, the relative sueeess or failure
