Table Of ContentSpringer Geography
Wade Bishop
Tony H. Grubesic
Geographic
Information
Organization, Access, and Use
Springer Geography
The Springer Geography series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientifi c
books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in geographical
research. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks,
and conference proceedings. It covers the entire research area of geography
including, but not limited to, Economic Geography, Physical Geography,
Quantitative Geography, and Regional/Urban Planning.
More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/10180
Wade Bishop • Tony H. Grubesic
Geographic Information
Organization, Access, and Use
Wade Bishop Tony H. Grubesic
College of Communication and Information Center for Spatial Reasoning & Policy
University of Tennessee Analytics
Knoxville , TN , USA College of Public Service & Community
Solutions
Arizona State University
Phoenix , AZ , USA
ISSN 2194-315X ISSN 2194-3168 (electronic)
Springer Geography
ISBN 978-3-319-22788-7 ISBN 978-3-319-22789-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22789-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950584
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
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T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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Wade Bishop would like to dedicate this book
to four supportive and inspiring women,
Jenn, Anna, Mary Lee, and Charlotte Bishop,
and all the other residents of earth they share
the world and its GI with and all the other
residents of earth with whom they share this
world and its geographic information.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Institute of Museum and
Library Services (IMLS). IMLS is the primary source of federal support for the
nation’s 123,000 libraries and museums. Through grant making, policy develop-
ment, and research, IMLS helps communities and individuals thrive through broad
public access to knowledge, cultural heritage, and lifelong learning. In 2012, the
authors were awarded funding for the Geographic Information Librarianship (GIL)
project from the Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian Program grant via the Institute
of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) in their “Programs to Build Institutional
Capacity” category.
The authors would also like to thank all the information professionals who par-
ticipated in the Geographic Information Librarianship (GIL) project data collection,
the ongoing efforts of the members of the American Library Association’s Map and
Geospatial Information Round Table (MAGIRT), and all the project’s advisory
committee—Michael Goodchild, E meritus Professor at the University of California,
Santa Barbara; Carol McAuliffe, H ead of the Map and Imagery Library , University
of Florida; Kathy Weimer, H ead, Kelley Center for Government Information, Data
and Geospatial Services, Rice University Libraries; Scott McEathron, H ead of the
Center for Graduate Initiatives and Engagement , The University of Kansas
Libraries; Julie Sweetkind-Singer, H ead Librarian, Assistant Director of Geospatial,
Cartographic and Scientifi c Data and Services, Stanford University Libraries and
Academic Information Resources; Angela Lee, E sri Libraries and Museum Industry
Manager ; and Adrienne W. Cadle, S enior Psychometrician of P rofessional Testing
Inc . Hallie Pritchett, H ead, Map and Government Information Library and Map and
Federal Regional Depository Librarian at the University of Georgia, was also
instrumental in this project by contributing real-world examples concerning the use
and management of map collections. Policy and metadata portions of the manu-
script were greatly strengthened by feedback from subject matter experts Butch
Lazorchak, I nformation Technology Project Manager, Library of Congress, and
Matthew Mayernik, P roject Scientist and Research Data Services Specialist ,
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
vii
viii Acknowledgments
This book provides a more expansive view of geographic information (GI) across
the information professions, but the authors would like to recognize that many of the
topics have their roots in the practice of map librarianship and the theoretical foun-
dations of information science and library science. Therefore, a special thanks is
extended to Mary Larsgaard, author of three editions of the book M ap Librarianship .
Not only is this work foundational, it continues to infl uence the management of print
cartographic resources, including selection and acquisition; classifi cation and cata-
loguing; storage, care, and repair; reference; and instruction. We also gratefully
acknowledge the important and infl uential research published throughout the
Journal of Map and Geography Libraries , coedited by Paige G. Andrew (The
Pennsylvania State University) and Kathy Weimer (Rice University).
A special note of appreciation is extended to Marie Fazio and her team at Drexel
University. Without Marie, none of this would have been possible. We would also
like to thank the many graduate students and research support staff for making the
GIL project a great success—Fangwu Wei (University); Sonya Prasertong
(University of Kentucky); and Suzie Allard, Elizabeth Ellis, Drew Huitt, Theresa
Parrish, Louisa Trott-Reeves, Bobbie Suttles, and Carol Tenopir (University of
Tennessee).
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Geographic Information and the Data Deluge ................................. 2
1.2.1 Geographic Information Policy............................................ 4
1.2.2 The Data Lifecycle .............................................................. 5
1.2.3 The GI Industry and Education ............................................ 6
1.3 Book Organization ........................................................................... 7
References ................................................................................................. 8
2 Geographic Information, Maps, and GIS ............................................. 11
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 11
2.2 A Constellation of Maps .................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Scale ..................................................................................... 13
2.3 Map Functions ................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Reference Maps ................................................................... 15
2.3.2 Thematic Maps..................................................................... 16
2.3.3 Charts ................................................................................... 17
2.4 Space and Place ................................................................................ 19
2.5 An Abbreviated History of GIS ....................................................... 22
References ................................................................................................. 25
3 0°: A Primer on Geographic Representation ....................................... 27
3.1 Digital Representation ..................................................................... 27
3.2 Geographic Representation .............................................................. 28
3.2.1 Vector ................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Raster ................................................................................... 33
3.3 Geodesy ............................................................................................ 34
3.3.1 The Graticule ....................................................................... 36
3.3.2 The Graticule and Distance .................................................. 37
3.3.3 The Graticule and Direction................................................. 38
3.3.4 The Graticule and Area ........................................................ 39
ix
x Contents
3.4 Map Projections ............................................................................... 41
3.4.1 Projection Properties ............................................................ 41
3.4.2 Geometric Distortions .......................................................... 42
3.4.3 Projection Surfaces .............................................................. 43
3.4.4 Popular Projections and When to Use Them ....................... 44
3.5 Georeferencing ................................................................................. 46
3.5.1 Placenames ........................................................................... 47
3.5.2 Postal Addresses................................................................... 49
3.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 51
References ................................................................................................. 51
4 Policy ........................................................................................................ 53
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 53
4.1.1 Information Policy ............................................................... 54
4.1.2 The U.S. Broadband Policy Example .................................. 56
4.2 Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) ..................................................... 57
4.2.1 Value .................................................................................... 60
4.2.2 Users and Communities ....................................................... 62
4.3 Background of U.S. GI Policy ......................................................... 63
4.3.1 Building a Digital Earth ....................................................... 64
4.3.2 A Clear Framework .............................................................. 67
4.3.3 A Framed Clearinghouse...................................................... 69
4.3.4 Open Government ................................................................ 70
4.4 SDI Considerations for Pricing, Privacy, and Security
Moving Forward .............................................................................. 71
4.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 74
References ................................................................................................. 74
5 Metadata .................................................................................................. 79
5.1 Metadata Are .................................................................................... 79
5.1.1 Metadata Value ..................................................................... 82
5.1.2 Metadata Creation ................................................................ 86
5.1.3 A Conceptual Model for GI Representation ........................ 88
5.2 Knowledge Organization Concepts and Tools ................................. 92
5.2.1 Authority Control and Vocabulary Control .......................... 93
5.2.2 Classifi cation Systems ......................................................... 94
5.3 Schemas, Profi les, and Standards ..................................................... 95
5.3.1 One Standard and One Profi le.............................................. 96
5.3.2 Cataloging of Non-Digital (Hardcopy)
Cartographic Resources ....................................................... 99
5.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 100
References ................................................................................................. 101
6 Geoweb ..................................................................................................... 105
6.1 Everywhere, Anyplace ..................................................................... 105
6.2 Geoweb ............................................................................................ 107
6.2.1 Organizing Information Geospatially .................................. 108
6.2.2 Organizing GI ...................................................................... 111
