Table Of ContentGeodynamics of the Western
Pacific-lndonesian
Geodynamics Series
Inter-Union Commission on Geodynamics
Editorial Board
A. L. Hales, Chairman
R. D. Russell, Secretary
O. L. Anderson
F. M. Delany
C. L. Drake
J. Sutton
American Geophysical Union/Geological Society of America
Editorial Board
Kees Dejong
C. L. Drake
D. H. Eckhardt
E. Irving
W. I. Rose
Rob Van der Voo
The Final Reports of the International Geodynamics Program sponsored
by the Inter-Union Commission on
Geodynamics of
the Western
Pacific-Indonesia n
Region
Edited by
Thomas W. C. Hilde and Seiya Uyeda
Geodynamics Series
Volume 11
American Geophysical Union
Washington, D.C.
Geological Society of America
Boulder, Colorado
Final Report of Working Group 1, Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian
Region, coordinated by Thomas W.C. Hilde and Seiya Uyeda on behalf of the
Bureau of Inter-Union Commission on Geodynamics
American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20009
Geological Society of America, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140,
Boulder, Colorado 80301
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian region.
(Geodynamics series; v. 11)
Includes bibliographies.
1. Geodynamics--Addresses, essays, lectures.
2. Geology--Pacific area--Addresses, essays, lectures.
3. Geology--Indonesia--Addresses, essays, lectures.
I. Hilde, Thomas W. C. II. Uyeda, Seiya, 1929- .
III. Inter-Union Commission on Geodynamics. Working
Group 1--Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian
Region. IV. Series.
QE501.G426 1983 551 83-14396
ISBN-0-87590-500-5
Copyright 1983 American Geophysical Union. Figures, tables and short excerpts
may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly
cited; all other rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
C.L. Drake and A.L. Hales
PREFACE
T. Hilde and S. Uyeda
PART I GENERAL STUDIES
I. FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF WESTERN PACIFIC DYNAMICS
SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
T. Seno and T. Eguchi
LATE QUATERNARYV ERTICAL CRUSTAL MOVEMENTSI N AND AROUNDT HE PACIFIC AS DEDUCED 41
FROM FORMER SHORELINE DATA
N. Yonekura
BASIN FORMATION; THE MASS ANOMALY AT THE WEST PACIFIC MARGIN 51
R.C. Bostrom, K.K. Saar, and D.A. Terry
DEPTH ANOMALIES OVER MESOZOIC CRUST IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC 63
J. Mammerickx
TRENCH DEPTH: VARIATION AND SIGNIFICANCE 75
T. Hilde and S. Uyeda
ENTRAPMENT ORIGIN OF MARGINAL SEAS 91
Z. Ben-Avraham and S. Uyeda
II. SEISMIC STRUCTURE OF THE CRUST AND LITHOSPHERE
EXPLOSION SEISMOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS ON LONG-RANGE PROFILES IN THE NORTHWESTERN 105
PACIFIC AND THE MARIANAS SEA
T. Asada, H. Shimamura, S. Asano, K. Kobayashi, and Y. Tomoda
VELOCITY ANISOTROPY EXTENDING OVER THE ENTIRE DEPTH OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE 121
H. Shimamura and T. Asada
SEISMIC CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AND THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ROCKS RECOVERED BY 127
DRILLING IN THE PHILIPPINE SEA
R.L. Carlson and R.H. Wilkens
III. PETROLOGY, CHEMISTRY, AND AGE OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS
SUMMARY OF GEOCHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SUBMARINE ROCKS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC 137
OCEAN
M. Ozima, I. Kaneoka, K. Saito, M. Honda, M. Yanagisawa, and Y. Takigami
PHENOCRYSATS SEMBLAGEASN D H20 CONTENTIN CIRCUM-PACIFICA RC MAGMAS 143
M. Sakuyama
PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF OPHIOLITIC AND ASSOCIATED VOLCANIC ROCKS ON THE 159
TALAUD ISLANDS, MOLUCCA SEA COLLISION ZONE, NORTHEAST INDONESIA
C.A. Evans, J.W. Hawkins, and G.F. Moore
MAGMATIC EVOLUTION OF ISLAND ARCS IN THE PHILIPPINE SEA
R.B. Scott
PART 2 REGIONAL STUDIES
I. OKHOTSK-KURIL-KAMCHATKA COMPLEX
GEOLOGY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK 189
L.Savostin, L. Zonenshain, and B. Baranov
SEISMOFOCAL ZONES AND GEODYNAMICS OF THE KURIL-JAPAN REGION 223
R.Z. Tarakanov and C.U. Kim
HEAT FLOW AND GEODYNAMICS PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSITION ZONE FROM ASIA TO THE NORTH 237
PACIFIC
P.M. Sychev, V.V. Soinov, O.V. Veselov, and N.A. Volkova
THE TECTONICS OF THE KURIL-KAMCHATKA DEEP-SEA TRENCH 249
H. Gnibidenko, T.G. Bykova, O.V. Veselov, V.M. Vorobiev, and A.S. Svarichevsky
II. JAPAN
CYCLES OF SUBDUCTION AND CENOZOIC ARC ACTIVITY IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC MARGIN 287
K. Kobayashi
THE ROLE OF OBLIQUE SUBDUCTION AND STRIKE-SLIP TECTONICS IN THE EVOLUTION OF 303
JAPAN
A. Taira, Y. Saito, and M. Hashimoto
VERTICAL CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS OF NORTHEAST JAPAN SINCE MIDDLE MIOCENE 317
N. Sugi, K. Chinzei, and S. Uyeda
HIGH MAGNESIAN ANDESITES IN THE SETOUCHI VOLCANIC BELT, SOUTHWEST JAPAN AND THEIR 331
POSSIBLE RELATION TO THE EVOLUTINARY HISTORY OF THE SHIKOKU INTER-ARC BASIN
Y. Tatsumi
CROSS SECTIONS OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA AROUND THE JAPANESE ISLANDS 343
T. Yoshii
COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY ANALYSES FOR SUBOCEANIC BASEMENT REFLECTORS IN THE 355
JAPAN TRENCH AND NANKAI TROUGH BASED ON MULTICHANNEL SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILES
Y. Aoki, T. Ikawa, Y. Ohta, and T. Tamano
DEEP SEISMIC SOUNDING AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AROUND JAPAN 371
M. Hayakawa and 'S. Iizuka
III. TAIWAN
GEOTECTONICS OF TAIWAN--AN OVERVIEW 379
V.C. Juan, H.J. Lo, and C.H. Chen
IV. INDONESIA
COMPLICATIONS OF CENOZOIC TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN INDONESIA 387
J.A. Katili and H.M.S. Hartono
GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL PARADOXES OF THE EASTERN INDONESIA COLLISION ZONE 401
J. Milsom, M.G. Audley-Charles, A.J. Barber, and D.J. Carter
EARTHQUAKE STRESS DIRECTIONS IN THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO 413
H.D. Tjia
V. TONGA TRENCH AND NEW ZEALAND
NEW ZEALAND HORIZONTAL KINEMATICS
H.W. Wellman
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
C.L. Drake and A.L. Hales
PREFACE
V.V. Beloussov
TASMAN OROGEN, AUSTRALIA
M.J. Rickard, B.A. Duff, R.J. Korsh, E.J. Heidecker, E. Scheibner,
and N.J. Turner
GEODYNAMICS OF THE CAPE FOLD BELT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, A SUMMARY 21
I.W. Halbich
A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR THE DAMARA OROGEN IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DATA 31
R. McG. Miller
EXPLANATION OF THE UPINGTON GEOTRAVERSE, SOUTH AFRICA 35
C.W. Stowe
THE SCANDINAVIAN CALEDONIDES 45
D.G. Gee, R. Gorbatschev, and H. Ramberg
TWO GEOTRAVERSES ACROSS THE IBERO-ARMORICAN VARISCAN OF WESTERN EUROPE 53
P. Matte
PROFILES THROUGH THE WESTERN ALPS 83
J. Debelmas, A. Escher, and R. Trumpy
CORRELATION OF ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES IN THE ALPINE CYCLE OF THE CAUCASUS 97
A.M. Borsuk and V.N. Sholpo
CORRELATION OF ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EARLY PRECAMBRIAN 145
CRUSTAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN EAST SIBERIA
V.V. Ez
A GEOTRAVERSE THROUGH THE APPALACHIANS OF NORTHERN NEWFOUNDLAND 205
J.F. Dewey, M.J. Kennedy, and W.S.F. Kidd
THE NORTHERN APPALACHIAN TRAVERSES IN THE MARITIMES OF CANADA 243
N. Rast
GEOLOGICAL PROFILES THROUGH THE AVALONIAN TERRAIN OF SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 275
RHODE ISLAND, AND EASTERN CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.
J.W. Skehan, S.J.
GEODYNAMICS TRANSECT OF THE APPALACHIAN OROGEN IN ALABAMA 301
T.L. Neathery and W.A. Thomas
APPENDIX
H.J. Zwart
FOREWORD
After a decade of intense and productive Margins
scientific cooperation between geologists, WG 9 History and Interaction of Tectonic,
geophysicists and geochemists the International Metamorphic and Magmatic Processes
Geodynamics Program formally ended on July 31, WG 10 Global Synthesis and Paleoreconstruction
1980. The scientific accomplishments of the These Working Groups held discussion meetings
program are represented in more than seventy and sponsored symposia. The papers given at the
scientific reports and in this series of Final symposia were published in a series of Scientific
Report volumes. Reports. The scientific studies were all
The concept of the Geodynamics Program, as a organized and financed at the national level by
natural successor to the Upper Mantle Project, the national committees even when multi-national
developed during 1970 and 1971. The International programs were involved. It is to the national
Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and the committees, and to those who participated in the
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics studies organized by those committees, that the
(IUGG) then sought support for the new program success of the Program must be attributed.
from the International Council of Scientific Financial support for the symposia and the
Unions (ICSU). As a result the Inter-Union meetings of the Commission was provided by
Commission on Geodynamics was established by ICSU subventions from IUGG, IUGS, UNESCO and ICSU.
to manage the International Geodynamics Program. Information on the activities of the Commission
The governing body of the Inter-Union and its Working Groups is available in a series of
Commission on Geodynamics was a Bureau of seven 17 publications: Geodynamics Reports, 1-8, edited
members, three appointed by IUGG, three by IUGS by F. Delany, published by BRGM; Geodynamics
and one jointly by the two Unions. The President Highlights, 1-4, edited by F. Delany, published by
was appointed by ICSU and a Secretary-General by BRGM; and Geodynamics International, 13-17, edited
the Bureau from among its members. The scientific by R. D. Russell. Geodynamics International was
work of the Program was coordinated by the published by World Data Center A for Solid Earth
Commission, composed of the Chairmen of the Geophysics, Boulder, Colorado 80308, USA. Copies
Working Groups and the representatives of the of these publications, which contain lists of the
national committees for the International Scientific Reports, may be obtained from WDC A.
Geodynamics Program. Both the Bureau and the In some cases only microfiche copies are now
Commission met annually, often in association with available.
the Assembly of one of the Unions, or one of the This volume is one of a series of Final Reports
constituent Associations of the Unions. summarizing the work of the Commission. The Final
Initially the Secretariat of the Commission was Report volumes, organized by the Working Groups,
in Paris with support from France through BRGM, represent in part a statement of what has been
and later in Vancouver with support from Canada accomplished during the Program and in part an
through DEMR and NRC. analysis of problems still to be solved. This
The scientific work of the program was volume from Working Group 1 was edited by Thomas
coordinated by ten Working Groups. W. C. Hilde and Seiya Uyeda.
WG 1 Geodynamics of the Western At the end of the Geodynamics Program it is
Pacific-Indonesian Region clear that the kinematics of the major plate
WG 2 Geodynamics of the Eastern Pacific Region, movements during the past 200 million years is
Caribbean and Scotia Arcs well understood, but there is much less
WG 3 Geodynamics of the Alpine-Himalayan understanding of the dynamics of the processes
Region, West which cause these movements.
WG 4 Geodynamics of Continental and Oceanic Perhaps the best measure of the success of the
Rifts Program is the enthusiasm with which the Unions
WG 5 Properties and Processes of the Earth's and national committees have joined in the
Interior establishment of a successor program to be known
WG 6 Geodynamics of the Alpine-Himalayan
Region, East To all of those who have contributed their time
WG 7 Geodynamics of Plate Interiors so generously to the Geodynamics Program we tender
WG 8 Geodynamics of Seismically Inactive our thanks.
Dynamics and evolution of the lithosphere: The
framework for earth resources and the reduction of C. L. Drake, President, ICG, 1971-1975
the hazards. A. L. Hales, President, ICG, 1975-1980
Members of Working Group 1 and Working Group 1 Study Groups:
M. Audley-Charles R.L. Larson
A. Balce A. Macfarlane
J.A. Brooks D.I.C. Mallick
DoA. Christoffel R.T. Murphy
P. Cook G. Packham
H. Davies Y.S. Pan
D. Denham R. Richmond
J. Dubois T. Rikitake
I.B. Everingham J.Go Sclater
F.F. Evison S.J. Su
A. Ewart G.H. Sutton
S.A. Fedotov P.M. Sychev
F.C. Gervasio R.Z. Tarakanov
G. Grindley R.B. Thompson
N.S. Haile H.D. Tjia
W. Hamilton Y.B. Tsai
L. Hawkins G.B. Udintsev
P. Hedervari S. Uyeda
T. Hilde Y. Wang
V.C. Juan H.W. Wellman
J.A. Katili M. Yasui
K. Kobayashi M.T.
L.C. Kroenke
PREFACE
The contributions to this volume have been or- for their outstanding contributions, and for their
ganized into two categories: General Studies, patience with the editing process and assembly of
which deal with the dynamic processes, and the the publication.
systematic geological and geophysical relation- In addition to the contributors to this volume,
ships of importance to the region as a whole; and the entire Working Group 1 membership and the
Regional Studies, which focus on specific areas study group members of Working Group 1 have con-
and features of the Western Pacific. The com- tributed greatly to the success of the Western Pa-
position of the volume reflects the research ef- cific portion of the Geodynamics Project. Their
forts undertaken in the Western Pacific within participation in the identification of outstand-
the framework of the Geodynamics Project, by the ing problems and design of research activities at
countries of the region and by other countries the many Working Group meetings, their efforts to
concerned with the geodynamics of the Western implement the Working Group 1 recommendations,
Pacific. The new understanding of the dynamics and their individual research constitute the true
and development of the trench-arc-backarc systems, success of the Western Pacific Geodynamics Project.
and the dynamic relationship of the Western Pa- All members of Working Group 1 and its study
cific basin lithosphere and ancient continental groups are listed in alphabetical order on the
margins with trench-arc-backarc development, preceding page. Ti Rikitake served as Chairman
brought about through the Geodynamics Project, of Working Group 1 at the beginning of the Geo-
is a major advancement in the geosciences. Much dynamics Project and was succeeded by S. Uyeda.
of these new findings is contained in this vol-
ume. The editors wish to thank all of the authors T. Hilde and S.
