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Geodynamics
THIRD EDITION
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Reviewer1,affiliation
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Essential reading for any Earth scientist, this classic textbook has been providing
advanced undergraduate and graduate students with the fundamental tools needed to
developaquantitativeunderstandingofthephysicalprocessesofthesolidearthforover
thirtyyears. Thisthirdeditionhas twonewchapterscoveringnumerical modellingand
geophysical MATLAB applications, and the text is now supported by a suite of online
MATLAB codes, that enable students to grasp the practical aspects of computational
modelling.
(cid:129) Fullyupdated,includingnewmaterialonplanetarygeophysicsandothercuttingedge
topics.
(cid:129) Keyfiguresarenowavailableincolour,withadditionalcolourfiguresonline.
(cid:129) Exerciseswithinthetextallowstudentstoputthetheoryintopracticeastheyprogress
througheachchapter,andselectedanswerssupportself-study.
(cid:129) Carefully selected further reading encourages readers to delve deeper into topics of
interest.
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Donald L. Turcotte is Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geology,
University of California, Davis. In addition to this book, he is author or co-author of
threebooksandover400researchpapers,including FractalsandChaos inGeologyand
Geophysics (Cambridge University Press, 1992 and 1997) and Mantle Convection in the
EarthandPlanets(withGeraldSchubertandPeterOlson;CambridgeUniversityPress,
2001). Professor Turcotte is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, Honorary
Fellow of the European Union of Geosciences, and Fellow of the Geological Society
of America, and is also a member is a member of the National Academy of Sciences
andtheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.Heistherecipientofseveralmedals,
including the Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, the Wegener Medal of
the European Union of Geosciences, the Bowie and Whitten Medals of the American
Geophysical Union, the Regents (New York State) Medal of Excellence, and Caltech’s
DistinguishedAlumnusAward.
GeraldSchubertisDistinguishedProfessorEmeritusintheDepartmentofEarth,Plan-
etary and Space Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is co-author
with Donald Turcotte and Peter Olson of Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets
(Cambridge University Press, 2001) and author of over 530 research papers. He has
participated in a number of NASA’s planetary missions and has been on the editorial
boards of many journals, including Icarus, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophys-
ical Research Letters, andAnnual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Professor
SchubertisaFellowoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnionandarecipientoftheUnion’s
James B. MacElwane medal and the Harry H. Hess medal. He is a member of the
NationalAcademyofSciencesandtheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.
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Geodynamics
THIRD EDITION
Donald L. Turcotte
DistinguishedProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofGeology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis
Gerald Schubert
DistinguishedProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofEarth,PlanetaryandSpaceSciences,
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
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UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107006539
Secondedition©CambridgeUniversityPress2002
Thirdedition©DonaldL.TurcotteandGeraldSchubert2014
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
FirsteditionpublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1982
SecondeditionpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress,2002
Thirdeditionpublished2014
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyXXXX
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
ISBN978-1-107-00653-9Hardback
ISBN978-0-521-18623-0Paperback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/geodynamics
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
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Contents
PrefacetotheThirdEdition pagexi
1 PlateTectonics 1
InthisChapter 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 TheLithosphere 7
1.3 AccretingPlateBoundaries 8
1.4 Subduction 11
1.5 TransformFaults 17
1.6 HotspotsandMantlePlumes 17
1.7 Continents 20
1.8 PaleomagnetismandtheMotionofthePlates 24
1.9 TripleJunctions 41
1.10 TheWilsonCycle 45
1.11 ContinentalCollisions 48
1.12 VolcanismandHeatFlow 54
1.13 SeismicityandtheStateofStressintheLithosphere 59
1.14 TheDrivingMechanism 62
1.15 ComparativePlanetology 64
1.16 TheMoon 64
1.17 Mercury 71
1.18 Mars 74
1.19 PhobosandDeimos 81
1.20 Vesta 81
1.21 Venus 83
1.22 TheGalileanSatellites 86
1.23 SaturnianSatellites 90
Summary 92
FurtherReading 93
2 StressandStraininSolids 95
InthisChapter 95
2.1 Introduction 95
2.2 BodyForcesandSurfaceForces 96
2.3 StressinTwoDimensions 103
2.4 StressinThreeDimensions 107
2.5 PressuresintheDeepInteriorsofPlanets 108
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vi Contents
2.6 StressMeasurement 109
2.7 BasicIdeasaboutStrain 111
2.8 StrainMeasurements 118
Summary 131
FurtherReading 131
3 ElasticityandFlexure 133
InthisChapter 133
3.1 Introduction 133
3.2 LinearElasticity 134
3.3 UniaxialStress 135
3.4 UniaxialStrain 137
3.5 PlaneStress 138
3.6 PlaneStrain 139
3.7 PureShearandSimpleShear 140
3.8 IsotropicStress 141
3.9 Two-DimensionalBendingorFlexureofPlates 141
3.10 BendingofPlatesunderAppliedMomentsandVerticalLoads 145
3.11 BucklingofaPlateunderaHorizontalLoad 147
3.12 DeformationofStrataOverlyinganIgneousIntrusion 149
3.13 ApplicationtotheEarth’sLithosphere 150
3.14 PeriodicLoading 151
3.15 StabilityoftheEarth’sLithosphereUnderanEndLoad 153
3.16 BendingoftheElasticLithosphereundertheLoadsofIslandChains 154
3.17 BendingoftheElasticLithosphereatanOceanTrench 156
3.18 FlexureandtheStructureofSedimentaryBasins 158
Summary 161
FurtherReading 161
4 HeatTransfer 163
InthisChapter 163
4.1 Introduction 163
4.2 Fourier’sLawofHeatConduction 164
4.3 MeasuringtheEarth’sSurfaceHeatFlux 165
4.4 TheEarth’sSurfaceHeatFlow 167
4.5 HeatGenerationbytheDecayofRadioactiveElements 167
4.6 One-DimensionalSteadyHeatConductionwithVolumetricHeatProduction 170
4.7 AConductionTemperatureProfilefortheMantle 172
4.8 ContinentalGeotherms 173
4.9 RadialHeatConductioninaSphereorSphericalShell 176
4.10 TemperaturesintheMoon 178
4.11 SteadyTwo-andThree-DimensionalHeatConduction 179
4.12 Subsurface Temperature Due to Periodic Surface Temperature
andTopography 180
4.13 One-Dimensional,Time-DependentHeatConduction 182
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Contents vii
4.14 PeriodicHeatingofaSemi-InfiniteHalf-Space:Diurnaland
SeasonalChangesinSubsurfaceTemperature 183
4.15 InstantaneousHeatingorCoolingofaSemi-InfiniteHalf-Space 186
4.16 CoolingoftheOceanicLithosphere 191
4.17 PlateCoolingModeloftheLithosphere 195
4.18 TheStefanProblem 196
4.19 SolidificationofaDikeorSill 199
4.20 TheHeatConductionEquationinaMovingMedium:Thermal
EffectsofErosionandSedimentation 203
4.21 One-Dimensional, Unsteady Heat Conduction in an
InfiniteRegion 204
4.22 ThermalStresses 207
4.23 OceanFloorTopography 210
4.24 ChangesinSeaLevel 213
4.25 ThermalandSubsidenceHistoryofSedimentaryBasins 215
4.26 HeatingorCoolingaSemi-InfiniteHalf-SpacebyaConstant
SurfaceHeatFlux 219
4.27 FrictionalHeatingonFaults:IslandArcVolcanismandMelting
ontheSurfaceoftheDescendingSlab 220
4.28 MantleGeothermsandAdiabats 222
4.29 ThermalStructureoftheSubductedLithosphere 226
4.30 CullingModelfortheErosionandDepositionofSediments 228
Summary 231
FurtherReading 231
5 Gravity 233
InthisChapter 233
5.1 Introduction 233
5.2 Gravitational Acceleration External to the Rotationally
DistortedEarth 234
5.3 CentrifugalAccelerationandtheAccelerationofGravity 239
5.4 TheGravitationalPotentialandtheGeoid 240
5.5 MomentsofInertia 244
5.6 SurfaceGravityAnomalies 247
5.7 BouguerGravityFormula 249
5.8 ReductionsofGravityData 251
5.9 Compensation 252
5.10 TheGravityFieldofaPeriodicMassDistributiononaSurface 253
5.11 CompensationDuetoLithosphericFlexure 254
5.12 IsostaticGeoidAnomalies 256
5.13 CompensationModelsandObservedGeoidAnomalies 257
5.14 ForcesRequiredtoMaintainTopographyandtheGeoid 263
Summary 264
FurtherReading 264
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viii Contents
6 FluidMechanics 266
InthisChapter 266
6.1 Introduction 267
6.2 One-DimensionalChannelFlows 268
6.3 AsthenosphericCounterflow 271
6.4 PipeFlow 273
6.5 ArtesianAquiferFlows 275
6.6 FlowThroughVolcanicPipes 276
6.7 ConservationofFluidinTwoDimensions 276
6.8 ElementalForceBalanceinTwoDimensions 277
6.9 TheStreamFunction 279
6.10 PostglacialRebound 280
6.11 AngleofSubduction 285
6.12 Diapirism 287
6.13 Folding 292
6.14 StokesFlow 298
6.15 PlumeHeadsandTails 303
6.16 PipeFlowwithHeatAddition 306
6.17 AquiferModelforHotSprings 308
6.18 ThermalConvection 310
6.19 LinearStabilityAnalysisfortheOnsetofThermalConvectioninaLayer
ofFluidHeatedfromBelow 312
6.20 A Transient Boundary-Layer Theory for Finite-Amplitude Thermal
Convection 316
6.21 ASteady-StateBoundary-LayerTheoryforFinite-AmplitudeThermal
Convection 319
6.22 TheForcesthatDrivePlateTectonics 326
6.23 HeatingbyViscousDissipation 329
6.24 MantleRecyclingandMixing 331
Summary 336
FurtherReading 337
7 RockRheology 339
InthisChapter 339
7.1 Introduction 339
7.2 Elasticity 341
7.3 DiffusionCreep 348
7.4 DislocationCreep 355
7.5 ShearFlowsofFluidswithTemperature-andStress-DependentRheologies 359
7.6 MantleRheology 367
7.7 RheologicalEffectsonMantleConvection 372
7.8 MantleConvectionandtheCoolingoftheEarth 374
7.9 CrustalRheology 376
7.10 Viscoelasticity 379
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Contents ix
7.11 Elastic–PerfectlyPlasticBehavior 382
Summary 387
FurtherReading 387
8 Faulting 389
InthisChapter 389
8.1 Introduction 389
8.2 ClassificationofFaults 390
8.3 FrictiononFaults 392
8.4 AndersonTheoryofFaulting 394
8.5 StrengthEnvelope 398
8.6 ThrustSheetsandGravitySliding 399
8.7 Earthquakes 401
8.8 SanAndreasFault 407
8.9 NorthAnatolianFault 411
8.10 SomeElasticSolutionsforStrike–SlipFaulting 413
8.11 StressDiffusion 420
8.12 ThermallyActivatedCreeponFaults 422
Summary 425
FurtherReading 426
9 FlowsinPorousMedia 428
InthisChapter 428
9.1 Introduction 428
9.2 Darcy’sLaw 429
9.3 PermeabilityModels 430
9.4 FlowinConfinedAquifers 431
9.5 FlowinUnconfinedAquifers 433
9.6 GeometricalFormofVolcanoes 443
9.7 EquationsofConservationofMass,Momentum,andEnergy
forFlowinPorousMedia 446
9.8 One-DimensionalAdvectionofHeatinaPorousMedium 447
9.9 ThermalConvectioninaPorousLayer 449
9.10 ThermalPlumesinFluid-SaturatedPorousMedia 453
9.11 PorousFlowModelforMagmaMigration 459
9.12 Two-PhaseConvection 462
Summary 465
FurtherReading 466
10 ChemicalGeodynamics 468
InthisChapter 468
10.1 Introduction 468
10.2 RadioactivityandGeochronology 469
10.3 GeochemicalReservoirs 474
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