Table Of ContentGeocomputation with R
Chapman & Hall/CRC
The R Series
Series Editors
John M. Chambers, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, California, USA
Torsten Hothorn, Division of Biostatistics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Duncan Temple Lang, Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, USA
Hadley Wickham, RStudio, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/go/the-r-series
Geocomputation with R
Robin Lovelace
Jakub Nowosad
Jannes Muenchow
CRC Press
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For Katy
Dla Jagody
Für meine Katharina und alle unsere Kinder
Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is geocomputation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Why use R for geocomputation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Software for geocomputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 R’s spatial ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 The history of R-spatial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
I Foundations 15
2 Geographic data in R 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Vector data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 An introduction to simple features . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Why simple features? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.3 Basic map making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.4 Base plot arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.5 Geometry types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.6 Simple feature geometries (sfg) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.7 Simple feature columns (sfc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.8 The sf class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Raster data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.1 An introduction to raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.2 Basic map making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.3 Raster classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Coordinate Reference Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.1 Geographic coordinate systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.2 Projected coordinate reference systems . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.3 CRSs in R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
vii
viii Contents
3 Attribute data operations 47
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Vector attribute manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.1 Vector attribute subsetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.2 Vector attribute aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.3 Vector attribute joining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.4 Creating attributes and removing spatial information 59
3.3 Manipulating raster objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.1 Raster subsetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2 Summarizing raster objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4 Spatial data operations 67
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Spatial operations on vector data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.1 Spatial subsetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.2 Topological relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2.3 Spatial joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.4 Non-overlapping joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.5 Spatial data aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.6 Distance relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3 Spatial operations on raster data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.1 Spatial subsetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.2 Map algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3.3 Local operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3.4 Focal operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3.5 Zonal operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.6 Global operations and distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3.7 Merging rasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5 Geometry operations 91
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 Geometric operations on vector data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.1 Simplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.2 Centroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.3 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2.4 Affine transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.5 Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.2.6 Geometry unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.7 Type transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.3 Geometric operations on raster data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.3.1 Geometric intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3.2 Extent and origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3.3 Aggregation and disaggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Contents ix
5.4 Raster-vector interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4.1 Raster cropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4.2 Raster extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.4.3 Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.4 Spatial vectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6 Reprojecting geographic data 127
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 When to reproject? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3 Which CRS to use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.4 Reprojecting vector geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.5 Modifying map projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.6 Reprojecting raster geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7 Geographic data I/O 143
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.2 Retrieving open data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.3 Geographic data packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.4 Geographic web services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.5 File formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.6 Data input (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.6.1 Vector data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.6.2 Raster data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.7 Data output (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.7.1 Vector data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.7.2 Raster data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.8 Visual outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
II Extensions 159
8 Making maps with R 161
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.2 Static maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.2.1 tmap basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.2.2 Map objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.2.3 Aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.2.4 Color settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.2.5 Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8.2.6 Faceted maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
8.2.7 Inset maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.3 Animated maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.4 Interactive maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.5 Mapping applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
