Genocide Or Ethnocide, 1933-2007: How to Make, Unmake, and Remake Law with Words

289 Pages·2008·1.19 MB·English

by  Bartolomé Clavero

82
BARTOLOMÉ CLAVERO
GENOCIDE
OR ETHNOCIDE,
1933-2007
HOW TO MAKE, UNMAKE,
AND REMAKE LAW WITH WORDS
giuffrè editore milano
UNIVERSITA’ DI FIRENZE
FACOLTÀ DI GIURISPRUDENZA
CENTRO DI STUDI
PER LA STORIA DEL PENSIERO
GIURIDICO MODERNO
BIBLIOTECA
fondata nel 1973 da PAOLO GROSSI
diretta da BERNARDO SORDI
La sede del Centro di Studi è in Firenze
(50129) - piazza Indipendenza, 9
www.centropgm.unifi .it
VOLUME OTTANTADUESIMO
Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno
82
BARTOLOMÉ CLAVERO
GENOCIDE OR ETHNOCIDE,
1933-2007
How to make, unmake, and remake law with words
Milano - Giuffrè Editore
ISBN 88-14-14277-7
© Copyright Dott. A. Giuffrè Editore, S.p.A. Milano - 2008
La traduzione, l’adattamento totale o parziale, la riproduzione con qualsiasi
mezzo (compresi i microfi lm, i fi lm, le fotocopie), nonché la memorizzazione
elettronica, sono riservati per tutti i Paesi.
Tipografi a «MORI & C. S.p.A.» - 21100 Varese - Via F. Guicciardini 66
«After This Nothing Happened».
To the dead living and the living dying
victims of either physical or cultural genocide.

CONTENTS
Introduction. Genocide or Ethnocide: Shoah, Maafa, Pachakuyuy, Porrajmos,
andSoForth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I. Madrid,1933:
ANewKindofSeriousTransgressionsArisingfromTerrorism. . . . . . 13
II. Washington,1944:
TwoOriginalNamesforOneOldOffense,GenocideandEthnocide . . 29
III. Paris,1948:
TheVirtualExclusivityofaCrime,GenocideasMassMurder . . . . . . 45
IV. Geneva,After1948:
TheBlindSpotoftheUnitedNationsHumanRightsBodies . . . . . . . 63
V. Rome,1998/TheHague,2002:
The Missed Opportunity to Reassess the Description of a Crime among
Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
VI. BeforeandAfterGenocide:
CrimeswithNoNamesaveEthnocideandHolocaust. . . . . . . . . . . 89
VII. TheCreationandRecreationofWordsandDeeds: . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
VII.1. TheReturnJourneyfromEthnocidethroughDemocide . . . . . 111
VII.2. Non-MurderousPoliciesasaFormofGenocide. . . . . . . . . . 123
VIII. Crimes,Words,andRights: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
VIII.1. LayingtheFoundations:
TheHumanRightsDeclarationandtheGenocideConvention. . 147
VIII.2. RightsatStake:
From the Right to Life to the Right to Polity via the Right to
Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
VIII.3. ResponsibilitiesPending:
HistoricalDevastationandPresentReparation. . . . . . . . . . . 173
VIII.4. BehindChutzpah:
IndigenousPeoplesandPracticalDenial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
IX. BeyondGenocide?AwayfromDenial? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
X. AndSoForthandSoLong?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
POSTSCRIPT:IndigenousIssuesandCulturalGenocide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
APPENDIX:Texts,1947-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I. 1947UnitedNationsDraftConventiononGenocide,Articles1,2,7,8,9,
and10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
VIII CONTENTS
II. 1960DeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountries
andPeoples,Articles1,2,3,and4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
III. 1966CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,Articles1.1-2and27 . . . . 249
IV. 1966OptionalProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliti-
calRights,Article1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
V. 1968ConventionontheNon-ApplicabilityofStatutoryLimitationstoWar
CrimesandCrimesAgainstHumanity,Articles1and2. . . . . . . . . . 250
VI. 1973 Principles of International Co-operation in the Detection, Arrest,
ExtraditionandPunishmentofPersonsGuiltyofWarCrimesandCrimes
AgainstHumanity,Provisions1,2,and3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
VII. 1989ConventionConcerningIndigenousandTribalPeoplesinIndepen-
dentCountries,Articles1and4.1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
VIII. 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or
Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, Articles 1.1, 2.1 and 4, 3.1,
8.3,and9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
IX. 1993DeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen,Articles
1,2,and5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
X. 1998StatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourt,Articles6,7,11.1,25,28,
29,30,33,and75.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
XI. 1998DeclarationontheRightandResponsibilityofIndividuals,Groups
and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized
HumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms,Articles1,7,10,16,and18. 259
XII. 2006UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolutionontheHumanRights
Council,Provisions1-4and5.d,fande. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
XIII. 2006ConventionfortheProtectionofAllPersonsfromEnforcedDisap-
pearance,Articles5,6,and31.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
XIV. 2007DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples,Articles1,3,7,8,
28,41,and42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
XV. 2008PermanentForumonIndigenousIssuesRecommendationsonIndig-
enousLanguages,Recommendations1and2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
TABLEOFINTERNATIONALINSTRUMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Genocidemeansoneofthefollowingactscommit-
tedwithintenttodestroy,inwholeorinpart,anational,
ethnical,racial,orreligiousgroupassuch:[…]forcibly
transferring children of the group to another group (1).
Conscious that all peoples are united by common
bonds, their cultures pieced together in a shared heri-
tage, and concerned that this delicate mosaic may be
shattered at any time […] (2).
Only man has law. Law must be built, do you un-
derstandme?Youmustbuildthelaw!Theworldisbuilt
andtorndownbylaw(3).
(1) 1948UnitedNationsConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentofthe
CrimeofGenocide,art.2.Forallreferencesheretohumanrightsinternationalnorms
in force, from the first one — this Convention on Genocide as it predated the 1948
DeclarationofHumanRightsjustbyoneday—tothelastoneIconsider—the2007
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples — the currently most updated and
useful collection, which I quote from, is on Internet, at the site of the Office of the
UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights:http://www.ohchr.org;forthe
quickest research tools leading to other international documentation quoted here, the
recommendedsiteisthatofUNBISNET,theUnitedNationsBibliographicInformation
System, Dag Hammarskjo¨ld Library: http://unbisnet.un.org. As for the references to
websites,myreviewvisitthroughoutwasinmid-February2008,whenIincludedthelast
ones,thoseofn.239,apartfromthoseofthePostscript.
(2) 1998 Statute of the International Criminal Court, available online at the
respective website: http://www.icc-cpi.int/legaltools; Preamble, first paragraph; the
second cause for inspiration reads: “Mindful that during this century millions of
children, women and men have been victims of unimaginable atrocities that deeply
shocktheconscienceofhumanity”.TheStatuteenteredintoforcenotinthiscentury—
the20th—butinthefollowing,hopefullynotsobloodyone,in2002.
(3) RaphaelLemkin’sprivateutterances;forthefirstthreesentences,AbrahamM.
ROSENTHAL,AManCalledLemkin,inhiscolumnOnMyMind,“TheNewYorkTimes”,
October18,1988,sect.A,p.31,aremembranceontheoccasionoftheforty-yearsoverdue
United States ratification of the Genocide Convention; for the last sentence, William
KOREY, An Epitaph for Raphael Lemkin, New York, Jacob Blaustein Institute for the
AdvancementofHumanRights,2001(availableonline:http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.
php?GroupingId=3861),p.8.Forgoodorforill,thismancalledRaphaelorratherRafal
Lemkin(Polishspelling)willescortusfromstarttofinish.