Genetics in Aquaculture. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture

322 Pages·1993·1.2 MB·English

by  Graham A.E. Gall and H. Chen (Eds.)

GENETICS IN
AQUACULTURE IV
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture
Held in Wuhan, China, 29 April to 3 May 1991
Edited by
GRAHAM A.E. GALL
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
and
HONGXI CHEN
Institute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sinica, Wuhan 430072, China
This volume is reprinted from the journal Aquaculture, vol. 111.
ELSEVIER Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1993
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Aquaculture, 111 (1993) 1-2 1
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AQUA 30034
Preface
This volume represents the proceedings of the Fourth International Sym-
posium on Genetics in Aquaculture held 29 April-3 May 1991 in Wuhan,
Hubei Province, China. The symposium was attended by 125 participants
from 22 countries and consisted of three plenary sessions of six review papers,
36 short papers and 88 poster presentations. The symposium concluded with
a general discussion moderated by Professor Graham Gall. The order of pa-
pers in the volume is invited review papers followed by contributed oral pa-
pers and abstracts of contributed poster papers.
The symposium was hosted by the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and the International Association for Genetics in Aqua-
culture (IAGA). Participants were welcomed by geneticist Professor Sheng-
sheng Li, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Also during the
opening session, participants were given an introduction to Chinese aquacul-
ture by Professor Jiangkang Liu, Honorary Director of the Institute of Hydro-
biology. An excellent congressional dinner was given by the Local Organizing
Committee and a symposium banquet was hosted by the People's Govern-
ment of Wuhan City.
The Board of Directors of IAGA nominated Professor V.S. Kirpichnikov
as the first recipient of the Association's Honorable Member award in recog-
nition of a lifetime of service and research in fish genetics and aquaculture.
His election was confirmed by a unanimous vote at the Association's meeting
on 1 May 1991. In honor of Professor Kirpichnikov, who passed away on 14
November 1991, the contents of his acceptance speech are included at the
beginning of this volume along with a review paper prepared for Aquaculture
just prior to his death.
Special thanks are extended to the members of the Scientific Organizing
Committee, T. Gjedrem, G.A.E. Gall, Chingjiang Wu, Jinpei Pan, Yiyu Chen,
Yigui Jiang, Zuoyan Zhu, Yaoqing Jiang, Dequan Xia, and Hongxi Chen. The
Scientific Committee and the participants also extend their appreciation to
the keynote speakers, the chairs of sessions, and poster session organizers.
Special appreciation is extended to the Local Organizing Committee and the
Wuhan Branch of the International Scientific Exchange Center, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, for their cooperation and efforts in managing the de-
tails of the symposium.
The Local Organizing Committee received financial assistance from the
2
Wuhan Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Hubei Provincial
Committee of Science and Technology, the People's Government of Wuhan
City, the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the
Hubei Branch of the International Culture Exchange Center, and from Pro-
fessor Zhufa Wu of the Yantze River Academy of Ecology. Their generous
contributions were greatly appreciated and made the symposium possible in
Wuhan City.
Hongxi Chen
Graham A.E. Gall
July 1992
Aquaculture, 111 (1993) 3-5 3
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First Honorable Member of IAGA
Valentin Sergeevich Kirpichnikov
1908-1991
On the occasion of the Fourth International Symposium on Genetics in
Aquaculture, held 29 April to 3 May 1991 in Wuhan, China, Valentin S. Kir-
pichnikov was honored by being chosen as the first Honorable Member of the
International Association for Genetics in Aquaculture (IAGA). Professor
Kirpichnikov closed his acceptance speech on 2 May with the words, "Thank
you very much for the numerous congratulations and presents. In my turn, I
wish all the participants of this Symposium all the best in their life and work.
Be happy!" Professor Kirpichnikov passed away at home in St. Petersburg on
14 November 1991.
Valentin S. Kirpichnikov was born on 14 August 1908 at Kineshma, a town
4
on the Middle Volga River. After completing elementary school, he studied
at Moscow State University from 1929 to 1932, working with Professors S.S.
Chetverikov, N.K. Koltzov, and N.I. Vavilov. He completed his advanced
studies under Dr. N.K. Koltzov at the Institute of Experimental Biology
(1932-1941 ) and at the All-Union Research Institute of Pond Fish Culture
(1933-1937) where he founded the world's first laboratory dedicated to the
genetic improvement of commercial fish species. After serving in the Soviet
Army during the Second World War (1941-1945), Professor Kirpichnikov
was attached to the Institute for Zoology of the Academy of Sciences at Len-
ingrad (1946-1948).
These fruitful years of research were suddenly interrupted in August of 1948
when the VASHNIL session in the Soviet Union adopted the doctrines of
T.D. Lyssenko now referred to as lyssenkoism. Like many other geneticists,
Professor Kirpichnikov opposed these false doctrines of genetics and at-
tempted to defend and preserve classical genetic thought in the USSR. As a
result he was placed before a "public tribunal," dismissed from employment,
and denied travel abroad. He survived for 40 years with the help of family
and friends and continued productive work at the State Research Institute of
Lake and River Fisheries (GOS-NIORCH) in Leningrad (1948-1968), at
the AU-Union Research Institute of Pond Fish Culture in Moscow (1969-
1971 ), and at the Institute for Cytology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in
Leningrad (St. Petersburg, 1972-1991 ). He was allowed to leave the USSR
for the first time in 1988 when he traveled to France where he visited with his
grandchildren for the first time. He was granted the Doctor of Science in 1966
but his scientific contributions were officially recognized only recently. Dur-
ing these later years he was given the Medal-in-Memorial of N.I. Vavilov, and
honored by a number of scientific societies including election as an honorary
member of the Ail-Union Society of Geneticists and Selectionists of the USSR
(VOGIS), and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
In the course of his life, Kirpichnikov published over 200 scientific papers,
including two monographs published in five languages, and edited seven pro-
ceedings of symposia and conferences. His publications covered an extremely
wide range of subjects from theoretical studies of fish genetics and the role of
natural selection in the microevolutionary process to more practical research
dealing with the development of new breeds of carp and the use of their crosses
for commercial production. Thus, only a partial summary of his work can be
given in this biography which originally was planned in his honor and now
also becomes an obituary.
Professor V.S. Kirpichnikov is first known for his outstanding contribu-
tions to fish genetics and methods of selection. His early investigations were
devoted to the problems of sex determination with the aquarium species, Poe-
cilia reticulata. In the following four decades, common carp was his main
focus of attention, along with studies of genetic processes in natural fish pop-
VALENTIN SERGEEVICH KIRPICHNIKOV 5
ulations. Some of his notable accomplishments were: determination of the
inheritance of scale cover patterns of common carp; the use of crossbreeding
and selection in the development of two new breeds of common carp, the
Ropsha carp, with increased resistance to low temperatures, and the Krasno-
dar carp, with high resistance to dropsy; the elaboration of natural variability
among Pacific salmon stocks; and the use of biochemical genetic data in man-
aging artificial propagation programs used to support salmon fisheries.
Professor Kirpichnikov devoted a great deal of his time and energy to the
education of young scientists. He gave the first course ever on fish genetics at
Leningrad University and served on many thesis committees. To our knowl-
edge, his last publication appears in this volume of Aquaculture, and the last
publication he personally completed was, "Adaptive significance of fish het-
erogeneity, in /. Fish Biol., 40: 1-16 (1992)." Valentin Sergeevich Kir-
pichnikov was a bold and generous Russian and international scientist. It was
wonderful that some of us had the pleasure of discussing science with him as
he traveled around the world during his final four years.
Johannes H. Schroder, Germany
Nina B. Cherfas, Israel
Yuri P. Altukhov, Russia
Graham A.E. Gall, USA
Aquaculture, 111 (1993) 6
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AQUA 30036
Acceptance Speech by V.S. Kirpichnikov
4th International Symposium on Genetics in
Aquaculture
Wuhan, China, 2 May 1991
It is very nice for me to be the chairman of the first session of our sympo-
sium, especially at a meeting devoted to biotechnology. In my life, there were
two long-term selection programs: breeding of the cold- and winter-resistant
Ropsha breed of common carp, created by crossing the cultured carp of Gal-
ician origin with the wild Amur common carp followed by eight generations
of artificial selection; and breeding the disease (dropsy )-resistant Krasnodar
breed of common carp through eight generations of parallel selection in three
unrelated common carp stocks and crosses between these stocks. The results,
as you have seen, were positive in both cases. We used, my assistants and I,
classical selection methods involving crosses and mass selection.
My third program with carp was the development, for commercial produc-
tion, of first generation crosses between European, especially Ukrainian, cul-
tured carp and the wild Amur River common carp, and the investigation of
heterosis using this cross. Now, I hope that the new methods of biotechnology
(polyploidy, gynogenesis, androgenesis, and sex regulation) and later, the de-
velopment of genetic engineering, will accelerate the creation of highly pro-
ductive and resistant common carp.
I spent much of my research time studying the organization of fish popu-
lations and the evolution and genetics offish, especially Pacific salmon. Such
investigations are now organized in many countries and laboratories.
I am very happy to be elected as the first Honorable Member of the Inter-
national Association for Genetics in Aquaculture. I hope it is not only because
of my age ( 83 ). I was largely involved in the development of fish genetics and
selection. As long as 60 years ago, I managed to organize, in Moscow, the first
laboratory for the study of genetics and selection of edible fish.
Thank you very much for the numerous congratulations and presents. In
my turn, I wish all the participants of this symposium all the best in their life
and work. Be happy!
V. Kirpichnikov
Aquaculture, 111 (1993) 7-20 7
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AQUA 30037
Selection of Krasnodar common carp (Cyprinus
carpio L. ) for resistance to dropsy: principal
results and prospects1
a b b b
V.S. Kirpbichnikov, Ju.I. Ilybasov , L.A. Shartb, A.A. Vikhmanb, M.V.
Ganchenko , A.L. Ostashevsky , V.M. Sicm onov , G.F. Tikhonov and V.V.
Tjurin
h
deceased, formerly of the Institute of Cytology, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
All-Union Research Institute of Pond Fish Culture, Rybnoe, Dmitrov Region, Moscow Province,
c
Russia
Department of Genetics, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia
ABSTRACT
Kirpichnikov, V.S., Ilyasov, Ju. I., Shart, L.A., Vikhman, A.A., Ganchenko, M.V., Ostashevsky, L.A.,
Simonov, V.M., Tikhonov, G.F. and Tjurin, V.V., 1993. Selection of Krasnodar common carp
(Cyprinus carpio L. ) for resistance to dropsy: principal results and prospects. Aquaculture, 111:7-
20.
The development of long-term work on common carp selection for resistance to dropsy, a very
serious infectious disease, is reviewed. The work was initiated at the Angelinka Experimental Fish
Farm (Krasnodar Region, North Caucasus) in 1965. The selection was carried out on three common
carp stocks; local mirror carp (L), a full-scaled Ropsha Carp (R), and a new hybrid line of Ukrain-
ian-Ropsha scaled carp (UR). The 8th and 9th generations of these three stocks were produced from
1986 to 1990. Further mass selection of fish for resistance to dropsy and for high growth rate was
carried out. The severity of selection was moderate (30-35%) and, in the case of selection for growth
rate, the intensity of selection (/) was from 0.5 to 1.0. Differences in resistance to dropsy between the
three stocks were detected; the UR stock appeared to be most resistant. Genetic differences between
stocks in allelic frequencies of some protein loci progressively decreased during the course of selec-
tion. Numerous tests showed that selection for resistance was effective. The selected stocks, especially
UR fish and reciprocal UR X L crosses, are currently reared on many fish farms of North Caucasus.
The major goals of future selection work with Krasnodar carp are: breeding of a UR stock homo-
zygous for the gene S (full scale cover) to prevent undesirable segregation; conversion to the more
effective family method of selection; obtaining detailed data on heterosis in crosses; analysis of the
inheritance of high resistance to dropsy and determination of heritability; and detection and cloning
of major genes responsible for high resistance to dropsy.
Correspondence to: Dr. Ju. I. Ilyasov, All-Union Research Institute of Pond Fish Culture, Ryb-
noe, Dmitrov Region, Moscow Province, 141821, Russia.
'Final editing by Graham A.E. Gall.
8 V.S.K IRPICHNIKOV ETA L.
INTRODUCTION
Long-term wor k o n commo n car p selection fo r resistanc e t o drops y wa s
started o n experimenta l fish far m "Angelinka " (Krasnoda r Region , Nort h
Caucasus) i n 1965 , after thre e year s o f testin g several varietie s an d breed s o f
From From. From From
Ropsha AngelinTio: Don Ropshœ
farm fish farm
*sc ^ m U*sc ,
I ι ι I
I II
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L*R URxR UR*L
Fig. 1. Genealogy of the Krasnodar carp. Rsc=Ropsha scaled carp; L m=local pure-bred mirror carp;
Uf= Ukrainian frame carp; URsc=Ukrainian-Ropsha scaled hybrid carp; H, RxL, LxR, RxUR,
UR X R, L X UR, UR X L=inter-stock crosses. 1 -9=generation of selection.