Genetics, evolution, and biological control

274 Pages·2004·3.383 MB·English

by  Lester E Ehler, R Sforza, T Mateille, International Organization for Biological Control

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GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
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Genetics, Evolution and Biological
Control
Edited by
L.E. Ehler
University of California, Davis, USA
R. Sforza
USDA, Montpellier, France
and
T. Mateille
IRD, Montpellier, France

CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library,London,UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Genetics,evolution,and biological control/edited by L.E.Ehler,R.Sforza,
and T.Mateille.
p.cm
Papers from an International Organization for Biological Control symposium held in
Montpellier,France,2 002.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-85199-735-X (alk.paper)
1. Pests--Biological control--Congresses.2.Biological pest control agents--Congresses.
I.Ehler,Lester E.II.Sforza,R.(Rene) III.Mateille,T.(Thierry) IV.International
Organization for Biological Control.V.Title.
SB975.G.46 2004
632´.96--dc21
2003009939
ISBN 0 85199 735 X
Typeset by MRM Graphics Ltd,Winslow,Bucks
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press,Trowbridge
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1. Genetic Structure of Natural Plant and Pathogen
Populations 1
J.J.Burdon and P.H.Thrall
Introduction 1
Natural variation in host–pathogen associations 2
Disease resistance in plant populations in their native range 3
Variation in space:host–pathogen interactions as metapopulation
associations 5
Host and pathogen variation in new environments 7
What is the resistance structure of invasive host populations? 7

How important is continuing natural selection for the maintenance
of resistance in introduced populations? 9
How rapidly will resistance respond to the re-application of
pathogen selective pressures? 11
Improving biological control strategies 12
How do host and pathogen life-history features and the environment
interact to determine the genetic basis of resistance? 12
What are the selective consequences of rapid versus slower declines
in population size? 13
Conclusions 14
Acknowledgement 15
References 15
v
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vi Contents
2. Measuring Genetic Variation in Natural Enemies Used for
Biological Control:Why and How? 19
E.Wajnberg
Introduction 19
Why measure intrapopulation genetic variation in natural enemies? 20
Methods for measuring intrapopulation genetic variation 22
Parent–offspring regression 24
Sib analysis 24
Family analysis 24
Breeding selection 25
Intrapopulation genetic variation in insect parasitoids 26
What characters should be studied? 29
Conclusion 31
Acknowledgements 31
References 31
3. Molecular Systematics,Chalcidoidea and Biological
Control 39
J.Heraty
Introduction 39
Genes of interest 42
Genetic divergence 44
Identification 49
Phylogenetics and their applications 52
Relationships of Chalcidoidea 52
Relationships within Chalcidoidea 53
Eucharitidae:competing morphological and molecular trees 54
Encarsia:unchallenged trees and the interpretation of change 56
Phylogeography and invasive agents 59
Cospeciation 59
Conclusion 63
Acknowledgements 65
References 65

4. Genetic Markers in Rust Fungi and their Application to 73
Weed Biocontrol
K.J.Evans and D.R.Gomez
Introduction 73
Rust fungi as biocontrol agents of weeds 74
Genetic markers in rust fungi 75
Pathotyping 76
Selecting molecular markers for population-genetic studies 76
Relative utility of some common DNA markers 77
Emerging technologies 78
Application of molecular markers in weed biocontrol 78
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Contents vii
Investigating relationships between weed diversity and pathogen
variation 78
The skeleton rust story 79
The blackberry rust story 80
Identifying the released pathogen with certainty 83
The musk thistle rust story 83
Identifying and monitoring the fate of the released pathogen strain
with certainty 84
Population genetics of rust fungi in relation to strain selection 85
Locating centres of diversity and evolutionary new associations 88
Conclusions 90
Acknowledgements 91
References 91
5. Tracing the Origin of Pests and Natural Enemies:Genetic
and Statistical Approaches 97
G.K.Roderick
Introduction 97
Problems and approaches 98
Patterns of spread 98
Invasion genetics 98
Types of genetic markers 103
Genealogies 104
Analysis of frequencies 106
Bioinformatics 107
Other methods 107
Discussion 107
Conclusions 108
Acknowledgements 109
References 109
6. Tracing the Origin of Cryptic Insect Pests and Vectors,and
their Natural Enemies 113

J.K.Brown
Introduction 113
Application of phylogeographical analysis of insect pests and vectors,
and natural enemies 115
Genetic markers 116
Studies in which molecular markers have been employed for taxonomic
identification and tracking of cryptic Hemipterans 118
Invasion of the B biotype Bemisia tabaciin the Americas and evidence
for a species complex 118
Phylogeographical matching between B.tabaci mitochondria COI
haplotypes and natural enemies from the same geographical
origin 121
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First demonstration that an invasive B.tabaciis associated with the
spread of severe cassava mosaic disease in East Africa 123
Upsurge of Myndus crudus,the vector of the phytoplasma inducing
lethal yellowing disease of palm,and rapid disease spread following
Hurricane Mitch 126
Divergence of aphids on non-cultivated hosts:determining
haplotypes and plant hosts using a mitochondrial marker 129
Tracking Mediterranean fruit fly introductions in California using
composite genotypes 130
Conclusions 131
Acknowledgements 131
References 132
7. Predicting Evolutionary Change in Invasive,Exotic Plants
and its Consequences for Plant–Herbivore Interactions 137
H.Müller-Schärer and T.Steinger
Introduction 137
Framework and scope of our study 139
Selection pressure in invaded habitats and expected selection on plant
traits 140
Properties of invaded habitats 140
General traits associated with plant invaders 141
Traits related to competitors and antagonists 141
Caveats 143
Genetic variation in invasive plants 145
Reduced genetic variation in invasive plant populations? 145
Caveat:low correlation between molecular- and quantitative-genetic
variation 147
Increased genetic variance through hybridization 148
Observed evolutionary response 149
Outlook 153
Emerging research topics 154
Acknowledgements 155

References 155
8. Experimental Evolution in Host–Parasitoid Interactions 163
A.R.Kraaijeveld
Introduction 163
Field ‘experiments’ 164
Experimental evolution in host–parasitoid systems 165
House flies 165
Drosophila 166
Discussion 173
Lack of genetic variation for resistance 173
Resistance is costly 174
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Genotype ×genotype interactions 174
Parasitoids can evolve 174
Selection pressures fluctuate in space and time 175
Concluding thoughts 176
References 177
9. Interactions Between Natural Enemies and Transgenic
Insecticidal Crops 183
J.J.Obrycki,J.R.Ruberson and J.E.Losey
Introduction 183
Bacillus thuringiensisversus predators and parasitoids 185
Insect predators 186
Parasitoids 188
Field surveys of natural enemies in transgenic insecticidal fields 190
Predatory arthropods 190
Parasitoids 193
Insect pathogens 195
Risks and benefits of transgenic insecticidal crops for natural
enemies 197
Conclusions 198
References 199
10. The GMO Guidelines Project:Development of International
Scientific Environmental Biosafety Testing Guidelines for
Transgenic Plants 207
A.Hilbeck and the Steering Committee of the GMO Guidelines Project
Introduction 207
Needs assessment 210
Plant characterization 211
Non-target and biodiversity effects 212
Gene flow and its consequences 216
Resistance management 216
Conclusion 217

References 217
11. Genetic Manipulation of Natural Enemies:Can We Improve
Biological Control by Manipulating the Parasitoid and/or
the Plant? 219
G.M.Poppy and W.Powell
Introduction 219
Genetic manipulation 220
Genetic manipulation of parasitoids 221
Parasitoid manipulation via the plant 226
Conclusions 228
References 229
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12. Sex-ratio Distorters and Other Selfish Genetic Elements:
Implications for Biological Control 235
R.Stouthamer
Introduction 235
Overview of sex-ratio distorters and their potential application 236
Female-biasing sex-ratio distorters 236
Male-biasing sex-ratio distorters 243
Application of PSR factors in biocontrol 245
Other heritable bacteria of importance to biological control 245
Cytoplasmic imcompatibility-inducing Wolbachia 245
Detection of sex-ratio distorters and CI-Wolbachiain natural enemies 247
Discussion 248
References 248
Index 253