Genetics and regulation of combined abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in tomato

215 Pages·2016·14.37 MB·English

INVITATION
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Genetics and regulation of
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tolerance in tomato
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Friday, February 26th2016
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General Foulkesweg 1a,
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Christos Kissoudis
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Cynara Romero
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1 [email protected]
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Genetics and regulation of combined
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance
in tomato

Christos Kissoudis

1
Thesis committee

Promotor
Prof. Dr Richard G.F. Visser
Professor of Plant Breeding
Wageningen University

Co- promotors
Dr C. Gerard van der Linden
Research Group Leader, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding
Wageningen University & Research Centre

Dr Yuling Bai
Associate professor, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding
Wageningen University & Research Centre

Other members
Prof. Dr Harro J. Bouwmeester, Wageningen University
Prof. Dr Marcel Dicke, Wageningen University
Dr Christa S. Testerink, University of Amsterdam
Dr Adriaan Verhage, Rijk Zwaan, De Lier

This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School of
Experimental Plant Sciences
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Genetics and regulation of combined
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance
in tomato

Christos Kissoudis

Thesis
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor
at Wageningen University
by the authority of the Rector Magnificus
Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol,
in the presence of the
Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board
to be defended in public
on Friday 26 February 2016
at 4 p.m. in the Aula.

3
Christos Kissoudis
Genetics and regulation of combined abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in tomato,
212 pages.

PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016)
With references, with summaries in English and Dutch

ISBN 978-94-6257-656-8

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Contents

Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………….7
General Introduction
Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………………………....17
Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection
of physiological and molecular crosstalk
Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………………………....49
Combined biotic and abiotic stress resistance in tomato
Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………………71
Responses to combined abiotic and biotic stress in tomato are governed by stress
intensity and mechanism of resistance
Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………………………95
Hormone signalling and regulation of tomato response to combined biotic and abiotic
stress
Chapter 6…………………………………………………………………………....................121
Roles and contribution of tomato WRKY genes to salt stress and powdery mildew
resistance
Chapter 7………………………………………………………………………........................149
General discussion
References.......................................................................................................................167
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………..199
Samenvatting…………………………………………………………………………………..203
Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………207
Education Certificate………………………………………………………………………….210

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6
Chapter 1

General introduction

7
Producing more with less
We are living on a planet with finite resources and since it is the only place that can
sustain our welfare and civilization both for the present and the foreseeable future,
we must ensure that our population can grow sustainably and in harmony with the
environment. Since the industrial revolution, due to recurrent advances in (food)
technology, hygiene and medicine the human population has boomed at an
accelerated pace, increasing almost 4-fold since 1900 and expected to exceed 9 billion
in 2050. This growth was sustained by the significant advances in technology with the
mechanization and intensification of agriculture which, combined with leaps in
genetics and plant breeding science, resulted in the green revolution (between the
1930s and 60s) . This doubled yields for the major staple crops and ensured that
enough food could be produced to support the growing human population (Pingali
2012).
Currently however the same challenge not only has re-appeared, as population growth
is continuing to rise, but is increasingly harder to address due to the risk of depleting
the finite/non-renewable natural resources of the earth. The consumption of natural
resources such as fossil fuels, on which industrialization is majorly based, has
additionally led to an inevitable increase in atmospheric CO which is expected to
2,
continue to rise, even if appropriate measures are taken (Pan et al. 2014). The effects
of the elevated CO concentrations on our climate can already be detected, with record
2
high temperatures being observed and expected to further rise to different projected
magnitudes depending on the measures taken as well as changes in precipitation
patterns (Trenberth 2011). In addition, agricultural intensification, while
advantageous, has questionable sustainability, itself contributing to CO2 rise (Gitz
and Ciais 2004) and further evidenced by the rapid depletion of water resources
(agriculture is the biggest fresh water consumer among all human activities), land
deterioration from continuous cultivation including increased salinization in irrigated
lands and coastal areas and agrochemical and fertilizer pollution (Savci 2012).
Moreover the genetic erosion of crops with only a few cultivars per crop covering the
majority of cultivated land makes them increasingly vulnerable to disease pandemics
and the changing environmental conditions (Keneni et al. 2012) with increasing
efforts being undertaken to incorporate genetic variation from wild species to increase
crop stress resilience (Warschefsky et al. 2014).
Thus, under the current conditions the goal is to increase global agricultural
productivity while limiting inputs to maintain sustainability. Key to this goal, except
increasing the yield potential of crops and optimizing cultivation methods, is to be
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