Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Production

213 Pages·2018·18.399 MB·English

by  Umaiyal Munusamy

GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS IN FOOD PRODUCTION

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
IN FOOD PRODUCTION
Umaiyal Munusamy
www.delvepublishing.com
Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Production
Umaiyal Munusamy
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e-book Edition 2019
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr Umaiyal Munusamy is a Plant Scientist and currently working as a post-
doctoral at Institute of Plantation Studies UPM. She is also an affiliate member
of the Young Scientist Network (YSN) Academy Science Malaysia (ASM). Her
interest is mainly in science communication, plant biotechnology, transgenic
research and plant microbe interactions. Currently she is also keen into looking
at sustainable agriculture processes and technologies in accordance with the cli-
mate change. Besides research, her passion in teaching continues into educating
refugee children voluntarily. Committed to science communication Dr Umaiyal
Munusamy engaged in Kuala Lumpur Engineering Science Festival (KLESF)
2016, had delivered talk on Introduction of Agriculture Engineering to second-
ary school student, performed Science Show at FameLab 2017 competition,
coaching for contestant participating in scientific communication competition.
Last but not least, her passion in writing continues through this book.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures .......................................................................................................xv
List of Tables ......................................................................................................xvii
Preface........................................................................ .......................................xix
Acknowledgment................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Genetically Modified Organism in Food Production .................................1
1.1. The History .........................................................................................2
1.2. The Present .........................................................................................4
1.3. The Future ...........................................................................................5
Chapter 2 What is a Genetically Modified Organism/Food .......................................7
Chapter 3 Why Genetically Modified Organism/Food .............................................11
3.1. Human Population............................................................................12
3.2. Hunger .............................................................................................12
3.3. Quality Of The Organisms ................................................................14
3.4. Environmental Stress .........................................................................14
3.5. Consumer Needs ..............................................................................15
Chapter 4 Types of GMO/GMF ...............................................................................19
4.1. Way To Higher Yields ........................................................................22
Chapter 5 Important of Genetically Modified Food .................................................39
5.1. Food Issues .......................................................................................40
5.2. Climate Change ................................................................................40
5.3. Cost ..................................................................................................41
5.4. Quantity ...........................................................................................42
5.5. Quality .............................................................................................43
Chapter 6 Breeding ..................................................................................................45
6.1. Plant Breeding ..................................................................................46
6.2. Animal Breeding ...............................................................................48
6.3. Differences Between Traditional And Modern Breeding
in Plant and Animal Breeding .........................................................50
Chapter 7 Traditional Plant Breeding .......................................................................51
7.1. Mass Selection ..................................................................................53
7.2. Pure Line ..........................................................................................54
7.3. Pedigree Method...............................................................................56
7.4. Bulk Method .....................................................................................57
7.5. Backcross Methods ..........................................................................58
7.6. Single Seed Descent .........................................................................59
7.7. Multiline ...........................................................................................60
7.8. Composite Variety .............................................................................62
7.9. Synthetic Variety ...............................................................................62
7.10. Self-Incompatibility .........................................................................63
7.11. Male Sterility ..................................................................................64
7.12. Heterosis ........................................................................................64
7.13. Heritability .....................................................................................65
7.14. Combining Ability ..........................................................................65
Chapter 8 Modern Plant Breeding ...........................................................................67
8.1. Methods For Trait Introduction ..........................................................69
Chapter 9 Traditional Animal Breeding ...................................................................93
9.1. Self-Editing .......................................................................................94
9.2. Breeding Stock ..................................................................................94
9.3. Purebred Breeding ............................................................................94
9.4. Backyard Breeding ............................................................................95
9.5. Interspecific Hybridization ................................................................95
9.6. Cross Breeding ..................................................................................95
Chapter 10 Modern Animal Breeding ........................................................................97
10.1. Cloning Livestock ...........................................................................99
10.2. Male Germ Cell Transplantation ......................................................99
viii