Genetic Structure and Local Adaptation in Natural Insect Populations: Effects of Ecology, Life History, and Behavior

463 Pages·1998·14.68 MB·English

by  Don Alstad (auth.)

Susan Mopper
Editors
Sharon Y. Strauss
Genetic Structure
and Local Adaptation
in Natural Insect
Populations
Effects of Ecology, Life History,
and Behavior
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• •
• •
• • • • •
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A service of
Effects of Ecology,
Life History, and Behavior
Edited by
Susan Mapper
Department of Biology
University of Southwestem Louisiana
Lafayette, LA
Sharon Y. Strauss
Section of Evolution and Ecology
University of Califomia, Davis
Davis, CA
• • • •
m
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Cover design: Susan Mapper, Karl Hasenstein, Curtis Tow Graphics
Copyright © 1998 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1998
All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in
any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping,
or information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXJ( 01 00 99 98
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Genetic structure and local adaptation in natural insect populations:
effects of ecology, life history, and behavior / [compiled by] Susan
Mopper and Sharon Y. Strauss.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-0904-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-0902-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0902-5
1. Phytophagous insects--Genetics. 2. Insect populations.
3. Phytophagous insects--Adaptation. 1. Mopper, Susan.
II. Strauss, Sharon Y.
QL493.G45 1997
595.7'135--OC21 97-7322
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
To order this or any other Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
book, please contact International Thomson Publishing,
7625 Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. Phone: [phone] or 1-800-842-3636.
Fax: [phone]. e-mail: [email protected].
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Contributors xvii
Part l. Local Adaptation: Empirical Evidence from Case Studies
1. Population Structure and the Conundrum of Local Adaptation
Don Alstad
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Background 3
1.3 Hypotheses 4
1.4 Transfer Experiments 5
1.5 Scale Insect Population Biology 7
1.6 Allozyme Studies of Population Genetic Structure 12
1.7 Discussion 16
1.8 References 18
2. Deme Formation in a Dispersive Gall-Forming Midge
Peter Stiling and Anthony M. Rossi
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Methods 25
2.3 Results 27
2.4 Discussion 30
2.5 Summary 34-
2.6 References 34
v
vi CONTENTS
3. Prevention of Deme Formation by the Pinyon Needle Scale: Problems
of Specializing in a Dynamic System
Neil S. Cobb and Thomas G. Whitham
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Pinyon-Scale System and Sampling Methods 38
3.2.1 Sampling of Scales 39
3.3 Experimental Tests of the Deme Formation Hypothesis 40
3.3.1 Scale Performance On "Natal" and "Novel" Trees 40
3.3.2 Peformance of "Incipient" and "Established" Scale
Populations 4 I
3.4 Potential Mechanisms That Prevent Deme Formation 44
3.5 Changing Sex Ratios in Scale Populations: Effect on Gene Flow
among Scale Populations 46
3.5.1 Density-Dependent Larval Emigration Promotes Gene Flow 50
3.5.2 Catastrophes That Hinder Deme Formation 52
3.5.3 Short-Term Differential Mortality 53
3.5.4 Long-Term Differential Selection-Developmental Immunity 56
3.6 Summary 56
3.7 References 60
4. Local Adaptation in Specialist Herbivores: Theory and Evidence
William J. Boecklen and Susan Mopper
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 The Theory ofA daptive Deme Formation 65
4.2.1 The Adaptive Deme Formation Hypothesis 66
4.3 Corollaries to the Adaptive Deme Formation Hypothesis 67
4.4 Experimental Evidence of Adaptive Deme Formation 68
4.4.1 Problems with Power 70
4.4.2 Correlative Evidence 74
4.5 Testing the Adaptive Deme Formation Hypothesis 75
4.5.1 Defining the Question 75
4.5.2 The Essential Conditions 76
4.5.3 Testing the Hypothesis 77
4.6 Conclusion 84
4.7 References 85
Part II. Foundations of Local Adaptation: The Genetic Basis of Host-Plant Use
and the Nature of Selection
5. Population-Level Adaptation to Host-Plant Chemicals: The Role
of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
May R. Berenbaum and Arthur R. Zanger!
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Allelochemicals 92
CONTENTS vii
5.3 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases and Detoxification of Plant
Chemicals 94
5.4 Genetic Variation in Insect P450-Mediated Detoxification
and Possible Importance in Local Adaptation to Allelochemicals 98
5.5 Scenario for P450-Mediated Local Adaptation to Allelo-
chemicals 102
5.6 Conclusions 108
5.7 References 108
6. Assessment of Genetic Variation in the Presence of Maternal or Paternal
Effects in Herbivorous Insects
MaryCarol Rossiter
6. I Introduction 113
6.2 Impact of Inherited Environmental Effects on Phenotypic
Variation 114
6.2.1 Cross-Generational Genetic Covariance 118
6.3 The Position of Inherited Environmental Effects in Quantitative
Genetics Models 119
6.4 Impact of Parental Effects on Quantitative Genetic Analysis 122
6.4.1 V Eel' Type I Parental Effects Increase Family
Resemblance 122
6.4.2 V Eel' Type II Parental Effect: Decrease Family
Resemblance 122
6.4.3 covGmG Cross-Generational Genetic
d
Correlation: + or - 123
6.5 Quantitative Genetics Studies Involving Variable Environments 126
6.6 What to Do about Inherited Environmental Effects 127
6.6.1 Minimizing the Influence of Inherited Environmental Effects 127
6.6.2 Characterizing the Influence of Inherited Environmental
Effects 128
6.7 Closing Remarks 130
6.8 References 134
7. Local Adaptation and Stochastic Events in an Oak Leafminer Population
Susan Mopper
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Natural History and Experimental Methods 141
7.3 Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Leafminer Population 142
7.3.1 Density 142
7.3.2 Plant Phenology 142
7.3.3 Stochastic Events 144
7...1 Local Adaptation 146
7.4.1 Agents of Selection for Local Adaptation 147
7.4.2 Local Adaptation and Spatial Variation 148
viii CONTENTS
7.5 Conclusion 149
7.6 References 151
8. The Strength of Selection: Intraspecific Variation in Host-Plant Quality
and the Fitness of Herbivores
Sharon Y. Strauss and Richard Karban
8.1 1ntroduction 156
8.2 Estimating the Strength of Selection 1mposed by Intraspecific
Variation in Host-Plant Quality on Herbivorous Insects 159
8.3 Gene Flow and the Coefficient of Selection 161
8.4 How Does the Magnitude of Fitness Differences Caused
by Nongenetic Parental Effects Compare to That Attributable
to Genetic Traits? 163
8.5 In Populations Where We Find Local Adaptation, is the "Natal" Insect
Line Always the Best Performing Line? 165
8.5.1 Low Dispersal Limits Sampling of Best Plant Phenotype-Insect
Genotype Combinations 167
8.5.2 History of Individual Infestations 167
8.5.3 Oviposition Preferences of Females Limits Sampling of All Insect
Genotype-Plant Genotype Combinations 167
8.5.4 Alleles at Loci That are Effectively Neutral with Respect to Use
of Some Host Individuals Could Confer High Fitness on Other
Host Plants 167
8.5.5 Selection Imposed by Natural Enemies Is as Important as
Performance on Plants 168
8.5.6 Other Plant Attributes, Such as Plant Phenology, Are Important
to Local Adaptation 168
8.6 How Does the Magnitude of the Coefficient of Selection Differ in
Studies of Intraspecific Variation in Host Plants versus Interspecific
Variation? 169
8.7 Conclusions 172
8.8 References 174
Part III. Life History, Behavior, and Genetic Structure
9. Intrademic Genetic Structure and Natural Selection in Insects
David E. McCauley and Peter W. Goff
9.1 Introduction 18 I
9.2 Intrademic versus Interdemic Structure: Patches to Populations 182
9.2. I Statistical Measures of Genetic Structure 182
9.2.2 The Natural History of Group Formation 187
9.2.3 Hierarchical Analysis of Natural Populations of Insects 190
CONTENTS IX
9.3 Genetic Structure and Selection 192
9.3.1 Theory: Models of Population-Structure-Dependent
Selection 192
9.3.2 Reality: How Do Ecological Interactions Determine Fitness
in Nature? 195
9.4 Conclusion 199
9.5 References 200
10. Social Behavior and Its Effects on Colony- and Microgeographic Genetic
Structure in Phytophagous Insect Populations
James T. Costa
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Inbreeding and Relatedness Coefficients: Different Questions for
Different Spatial Scales 206
10.3 Insect Sociality 209
10.4 Life History and Ecology of Herbivorous Social Insects 211
10.4.1 Aphid Societies 211
10.4.2 Thrips Societies 213
10.4.3 Caterpillar Societies 213
10.4.4 Sawfly Societies 213
10.5 Determinants of Genetic Structure at Microgeographic and Colony
Scales 214
10.5.1 Microgeographic (Host Plant-Level) Structure: Setting the Stage
for Colony Dynamics 214
10.5.2 Colony Structure: Spatial and Temporal Patterns 217
10.6 Spatial and Temporal Population Genetic Dynamics: Patterns
and Implications 226
10.7 References 230
II. Dispersal and Adaptive Deme Formation in Sedentary Coccoid
Insects
Lawrence M. Hanks and Robert F. Denno
11.1 Introduction 239
11.2 Natural History of Coccoid Insects 240
11.3 Dispersal, Behavior, and Capability 240
11.3.1 First-Instar Crawlers 242
11.3.2 Second Instar to Adult Females 2"-9
11.3.3 Second lnstar to Adult Males l50
/1.4 Dispersal and Deme Formation l50
11.5 Testing the Demic Adaptation H.vpothesis 251
11.6 Discussion l53
11.7 References 25"-