Genetic Manipulation in Plants for Mitigation of Climate Change

255 Pages·2015·5.46 MB·English

by  Pawan Kumar Jaiwal

Pawan Kumar Jaiwal
Rana Pratap Singh
Om Parkash Dhankher Editors
Genetic
Manipulation in
Plants for Mitigation
of Climate Change
Genetic Manipulation in Plants
for Mitigation of Climate Change

Pawan Kumar Jaiwal
R ana P ratap S ingh
Om Parkash D hankher
Editors
Genetic Manipulation
in Plants for Mitigation
of Climate Change
Editors
Pawan Kumar Jaiwal Rana Pratap Singh
Center for Biotechnology Department of Environmental Science
M.D. University Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Rohtak , Haryana , India University
Lucknow , UP , India
Om Parkash Dhankher
Stockbridge School of Agriculture
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Amherst, MA , USA
ISBN 978-81-322-2660-4 ISBN 978-81-322-2662-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2662-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958661
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Pref ace
Climatic variability and global warming observed during the past few decades
have become a frightening reality and a matter of deep concern worldwide
especially for the developing countries. Extreme climatic conditions adversely
affect quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. Food and nutri-
tional security have emerged as a major challenge worldwide due to overex-
pansion of population and cultivated areas to less fertile fi elds as a result of
extreme climatic changes. The extreme hot and cold seasons and subsequent
drought and fl ood as well as the elevated greenhouse gases are generally con-
sidered to be the major factors resulting to such climatic variability globally.
Continues industrialization aggravated by anthropogenic activities has added
to the severity of climate change. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fi nd
out ways to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on biodiversity
and crop productivity. The works related to the biotechnological strategies
like breeding and genetic engineering to mitigate the problems of climate
change are in the initial stage, and the efforts made in this direction may be
limited to one specifi c trait, whereas the mitigation measures for these com-
plex climatic factors need handling of multiple stresses in one go. The recent
advances in molecular breeding (identifi cation of tightly liked markers,
QTLs/genes), transgenesis (introduction of exogenous genes or changing the
expression of endogenous stress-responsive genes) and genomics approaches
have made it easier to identify and isolate several key genes involved in abi-
otic stresses and their regulation. This book was planned with an objective to
understand the detailed overviews and recent approaches in genetic manipu-
lation studies in plants for mitigation of climate change.
Elevated O in the troposphere due to industrialization and anthropogenic
3
activities suppresses plant productivity, product quality and competitive abil-
ity of crop plants and forest trees. In order to ensure food security for the
future, O tolerance/resistance is to be incorporated in crop plants. The physi-
3
ological, biochemical and molecular responses of plants to this toxic pollut-
ant that provides rational targets for phenotypic screening and genetic
manipulation of plants for tolerance to O have been discussed by Li et al.
3
(pages 1–14).
Heat stress affects many aspects of plant growth and development.
Thermotolerance depends on the activation and coordination of various sens-
ing, signalling and regulatory pathways. Roth et al. (pages 15–42) have dis-
cussed the effects of high temperature on plant growth and development,
v
vi Preface
methods for thermotolerance screening, heat-sensing mechanism, metabolic
changes and strategies to improve thermotolerance in plants.
Breeding crops for drought or fl ood tolerance/resistance has been a prior-
ity for a long time; however, the progress has been slow due to the physiologi-
cal and genetic complexity of these traits. Fundamental insights into the
stress sensing, downstream signal transduction and metabolic alterations that
promote tolerance are key to increased crop production in drought and fl ood-
prone environments. Rice, a staple food crop of more than half of the world
population, is facing the problem of water shortage and drought. You and
Xiong (pages 43–72) have provided an overview and perspective of the strat-
egies, resources, progress and challenges of drought resistance in rice. Zhang
and co-workers (pages 73–102) have summarized the recent progress about
the major constraints affecting plant performance in waterlogged soils and
discussed the mechanism employed by the plants to deal with the stress.
Polyamines are small polycationic compounds involved in numerous met-
abolic pathways in plants including stress protection. Macro et al. (pages
103–116) have discussed approaches undertaken to demonstrate the involve-
ment of polyamines in the stress response and genetic manipulation of poly-
amine levels as an effi cient tool for plant resistance to abiotic stress along
with recent advances in the potential mechanism of action by which poly-
amines could contribute to stress protection.
V inod (pages 117–142) has given an overview of the recent developments
in breeding efforts towards nutrient defi ciency-tolerant rice as a sustainable
solution for future agriculture. Rice is the predominant stable crop providing
more than 21 % of the daily calories of the word. However, in rice-growing
regions nutrient starvation in the soil (either due to excessive farming or less
availability/absorption of nutrients in marginal land) is putting rice crop/
plants under stress. To avoid this, excessive input of fertilizers is used which
is causing environmental degradation. Because there is enough variability
available for nutrient response within rice gene pool, breeding may be a good
alternative for this crop.
An elevated concentration of heavy metals adversely affects growth and
productivity of crop plants. Climate change is related to heavy metal con-
tamination due to its effects on the bioavailability of metals and its ability to
alter the environmental fate and intensity of pollutants. In the future, it is
expected that climate change may increase the heavy metals in the agricul-
tural soils. So, developing crops resistant to heavy metals will be required for
marginal and moderately contaminated soils. In this context, Tomar et al.
(pages 143–168) have emphasized on the production of new cultivars with
enhanced heavy metals and metalloids tolerance using transgenic approaches.
Sudhakar and Suprassana (pages 169–186) have focused on the issue of cli-
mate change keeping in view the phytoremediation potential of plants and
have highlighted the prospects of genetic manipulation for enhanced heavy
metals tolerance.
M ost of the abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms involve multiple meta-
bolic pathways, and manipulating such complex traits through conventional
breeding remains a big challenge. Hence, genetic transformation with regula-
tory genes especially transcription factors is a promoting alternative. Baudh
and co-workers (pages 187–204) have assessed the potentials and limitations
Preface vii
of biotechnological approaches for mitigation of various multigenic stresses
like enhanced temperature and water scarcity which are affecting the crop
productivity.
O verall physiology of C plants is affected by increasing atmospheric CO
3 2
levels in the post industrialization era, and hence, dependent herbivorous
insects are also affected. Thus, climate change affects plant-insect interac-
tions. The basic regulatory connections between primary and secondary
metabolism of plants need to be understood more to predict how insect popu-
lations respond to changes in host plant. Zavala and Gog (pages 205–222)
have discussed mechanisms controlling insect herbivory related to global rise
in atmospheric CO levels and have suggested that advances in genetic
2
manipulation techniques afford the prospects of affecting changes in ecosys-
tem downstream from plant physiology.
Increased input costs, low benefi ts and marginalization of land as a result
of extreme climates have all added to low income and hence poverty and
malnutrition culminating into food insecurity in developing countries. GM
crops have been proved benefi cial to farmers and society especially in devel-
oping countries by increasing productivity, enhancing nutrient quality and
reducing food and input costs. Sainger et al. (pages 223–241) have discussed
the essence of GM crops for the developing world for increasing farmers’
income, their role in poverty alleviation, nutrition and health and feasibility
of GM crops in the time of climate change.
The chapters critically evaluate the current knowledge, state of the art and
future prospects of genetic manipulation of plants to minimize the adverse
effect of climate change on plant growth and productivity. The book is valu-
able for the scientist, academicians, researchers, students, planners and indus-
trialists working in the area of biotechnology, plant agriculture, agronomy,
horticulture, plant physiology, molecular biology, plant sciences and environ-
mental sciences. Each chapter in this volume has been written by an expert
group in plant stress biology. We are grateful to the contributors for their
efforts in preparing insightful and authoritative accounts of various aspects of
the knowledge in this area. We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to all
these colleagues and warm appreciations and thanks to Springer for their
keen interest in bringing out this title with quality work. We are also thankful
to our family members and Ph.D. students for their understanding and
patience during planning and preparations of this title.
Rohtak, India Pawan Kumar Jaiwal
October, 2015 Rana Pratap Singh
Om Prakash Dhankher

Contents
1 Plant Responses to Tropospheric Ozone .......................................... 1
Yongfang Li , Meenakumari Muthuramalingam ,
and Ramamurthy Mahalingam
2 Plant Heat Stress Response and Thermotolerance ....................... 15
Sascha Röth , Puneet Paul , and Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
3 Plant Breeding for Flood Tolerance:
Advances and Limitations ............................................................... 43
Xuechen Zhang , Xin Huang , Meixue Zhou ,
Lana Shabala , Anthony Koutoulis ,
and Sergey Shabala
4 Genetic Improvement of Drought Resistance in Rice ................... 73
Jun You and Lizhong Xiong
5 Polyamine Biosynthesis Engineering as a Tool
to Improve Plant Resistance to Abiotic Stress ............................. 103
Francisco Marco , Marta Bitrián , Pedro Carrasco ,
Rubén Alcázar , and Antonio F. Tiburcio
6 Enhancing Nutrient Starvation Tolerance in Rice ...................... 117
K. K. Vinod
7 Engineered Plants for Heavy Metals
and Metalloids Tolerance .............................................................. 143
Parul Rana Tomar , Anirudha R. Dixit ,
Pawan Kumar Jaiwal , and Om Parkash Dhankher
8 Prospects of Genetic Manipulation for Enhanced
Heavy Metal Tolerance and Bioremediation
in Relation to Climate Change ...................................................... 169
Sudhakar Srivastava and P. Suprasanna
9 Biotechnological Approaches to Mitigate Adverse
Effects of Extreme Climatic Factors on Plant Productivity ....... 187
Kuldeep Bauddh , Manish Sainger , Sanjeev Kumar ,
Poonam Ahlawat Sainger , Pawan Kumar Jaiwal ,
and Rana Pratap Singh
ix