Genetic engineering: a reference handbook

327 Pages·2006·2.08 MB·English

by  Harry LeVine III

GENETIC ENGINEERING
A Reference Handbook
Second Edition
Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES
Series
Cults,James R. Lewis
Forest Fires,Philip N. Omi
Gun Control in the United States,Gregg Lee Carter
Hate Crimes,Donald Altschiller
Human Rights Worldwide,Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat
Hurricanes,Patrick J. Fitzpatrick
Illicit Trafficking,Robert J. Kelly, Jess Maghan, Joseph DiSerio
International Environmental Disputes,Aaron Schwabach
Invasion of Privacy,Kevin M. Keenan
Juvenile Justice,Donald J. Shoemaker and Timothy W. Wolfe
Native American Issues,William N. Thompson
New Slavery,Kevin Bales
Punishment in America,Cyndi Banks
U.S. Homeland Security,Howard Ball
United Nations System, The,Chadwick F. Alger
Violence in the Media,Nancy Signorielli
UUppccoommiinngg TTiittlleess
Childhood Sexual Abuse,Karen L. Kinnear
Conflicts over Natural Resources,Jacqueline Vaughn
Illegal Immigration,Michael C. LeMay
Internet and Society, The,Bernadette H. Schell
U.S. Military Service,Cynthia A. Watson
World Population,Geoffrey Gilbert
Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital
issues in today’s society such as genetic engineering, pollution,
and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, scholars, and
nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly
written, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting
point for research by high school and college students, scholars,
and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople,
activists, and others.
Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an
overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical
sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary-
source material, a directory of organizations and agencies, an-
notated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index.
Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will
find the information they need in order to have a better under-
standing of the social, political, environmental, and economic
issues facing the world today.

GENETIC ENGINEERING
A Reference Handbook
Second Edition
Harry LeVine, III
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England
Copyright 2006 by ABC-CLIO, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior
permission in writing from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Le Vine, Harry.
Genetic engineering : a reference handbook / Harry LeVine III. —
2nd ed.
p. cm. — (Contemporary world issues)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85109-860-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-85109-861-5
(ebook)
1. Genetic engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Genetic Engineering—Handbooks. QU 39 L433g 2006]
TP248.6.L4 2006
660.6’5—dc22
2006011074
09 08 07 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit
abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO, Inc.
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞∞
Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition, xi
Preface to the First Edition, xiii
11 OOvveerrvviieeww ooff GGeenneettiicc EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, 11
What Is Genetic Engineering, and Why Is It
Important Today? 1
The Brief History of the Genetic Engineering
Revolution, 2
Nuts and Bolts of Genetic Engineering, 5
The Structure of DNA, 7
The DNACode, 9
Cloning Technology, 11
Polymerase Chain Reaction, 12
Chip Technologies, 13
Information Management and the Rise of
Bioinformatics, 14
Gene Mapping, 15
Pharmacogenomics, 16
Bioinformatics, 17
Genetically Modified Animals and Plants, 18
Nuclear Transplantation, 19
Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy, 20
Applications of Genetic Engineering, 23
Biomanufacturing, 25
Agriculture, 26
Industry, 28
Bioremediation, 32
Medicine and Health, 35
Gene Therapy, 37
Pharmacogenomics, 38
vii
viii Contents
DNAand the Law, 39
Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism, 40
Conclusion, 43
References, 45
22 PPrroobblleemmss,, CCoonnttrroovveerrssiieess,, aanndd SSoolluuttiioonnss,, 4477
Problems and Controversy, 47
Safety of Genetic Engineering, 48
Genetic Engineering and Health, 48
Genetic Testing, 49
Health Privacy, 51
Insurance and Employment, 52
Human Cloning, 54
Religious Implications of Genetic Engineering, 55
Embryonic Stem Cells, 58
Impact of Genetic Engineering on Health and
Privacy, 58
Possibilities for Action, 62
Impact of Genetically Modified Foods, 63
Genetic Engineering of Food Animals, 64
Environmental Safety, 65
Agribusiness Control of Agriculture, 66
Possibilities for Action, 68
Impact of Bioindustrial Engineering, 71
Possibilities for Action, 71
Impact of Bioremediation, 72
Possibilities for Action, 73
Impact of Genetic Engineering on DNAand the Law, 74
Where Is Genetic Engineering Today? 74
Scientists and Physicians, 75
Industry, 76
Universities, 77
Ecological Activists, 78
Politicians, 79
References, 80
33 WWoorrllddwwiiddee PPeerrssppeeccttiivvee,, 8833
International Impact of Genetic Engineering, 83
Status of Genetic Engineering around the World, 84
Impact on Developing Countries, 85
Possible Impact of Genetic Engineering, 90
Recommendations for Action, 91
Contents ix
Biowarfare and Bioterrorism, 91
International Mirror of Controversies in the
United States, 92
Genetically Modified Foods, 92
International Regulation of Genetic Engineering, 93
References, 94
44 CChhrroonnoollooggyy ooff GGeenneettiicc EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, 9955
55 BBiiooggrraapphhiiccaall SSkkeettcchheess,, 111199
William French Anderson, 119
Paul Berg, 120
Herbert Wayne Boyer, 121
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, 122
John William Coleman, 123
Francis Sellers Collins, 123
Francis Harry Compton Crick, 124
Rosalind Franklin, 125
Albert Gore, Jr., 126
Leroy E. Hood, 127
Edward Moore Kennedy, 128
Michael Martin, 129
Barbara McClintock, 129
Louis Pasteur, 131
Jeremy Rifkin, 132
Marian Lucy Rivas, 134
Maxine Frank Singer, 135
Robert Swanson, 135
James Alexander Thomson, 136
J. Craig Venter, 137
James Dewey Watson, 138
66 FFaaccttss,, DDaattaa,, aanndd OOppiinniioonn,, 114411
Statistical Data, 141
Understanding and Acceptance of Genetic
Engineering, 141
Genetic Engineering as a Business, 146
The Cycle of Ideas, 155
Medical Applications, 156
Agriculture and Manufacturing, 158
Bioremediation, 170
Safety, 175
x Contents
Ethics, 177
Bioterrorism, 178
Genetic Testing, 179
Employment and Insurance, 183
DNAForensics, 188
Human Cloning, 190
Stem Cells, 195
Summary, 197
References, 198
77 DDiirreeccttoorryy ooff OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonnss,, AAssssoocciiaattiioonnss,,
aanndd AAggeenncciieess,, 220011
88 SSeelleecctteedd PPrriinntt aanndd NNoonnpprriinntt RReessoouurrcceess,, 221177
Books, 217
General, 217
Ethics, 227
International, 232
Legal, 235
Business, 238
Agriculture, 239
Environment, 244
Science, 245
Books on Genetic Engineering (Young Adult Sources), 249
U.S. Government Publications, 254
Office of Technology Assessment Documents, 254
Congressional Reports, 256
Other Government Agency Reports, 257
Nongovernment Reports, 258
Periodicals and Newsletters, 259
Directories, 266
Selected Nonprint Resources, 269
Videocassettes, 270
Computer Programs and Other Electronic Resources, 275
Databases, 277
Internet Sources on Genetic Engineering, 279
Appendix: Acronyms, 283
Glossary, 285
Index, 295
About the Author, 313