Table Of ContentGenetic and Morphological Variation oiPheidolefervida
(Hym., Formicidae) in Korea
PARK, Seong-Joon and Byung-Jin KIM
DivisionofBiologicalScience, CollegeofNaturalScience, Wonkwang University,
Iksan, Jeonbuk570-749, Korea
nm^^^'km m »
^"smi ?b 30 «. 3 2000
Reprinted from the Korean Journal of Entomology:
Vol. 30, No. 3, September 2000
KOREAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Vol.30, No. 3, pp. 169-175,September 2000
Genetic and Morphological Variation ofPheidolefervida
(Hym., Formicidae) in Korea
PARK, Seong-Joon andByung-Jin KIM*
DivisionofBiologicalScience, College ofNaturalScience, Wonkwang University,
Iksan,Jeonbuk570-749, Korea
ABSTRACT Analysis of morphometries and allozyme variation were performed to estimate the genetic and
morphological variation and to assess both the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic distribution of the
Pheidolefervida in Korea. The relationships among populations of this species, in six regions, were also investigated
based on the data collected from Mar. 1993 to Oct. 1994. In addition, quantitative morphological data were analyzed,
as were genetic variances ofallozyme based on electrophoretic data by SGE. As a result ofcomparing both the mor-
phological and electrophoretic phenograms, it was found that Chilgapsan and Chiaksan populations were genetically
closer(D=0335) thanthosebetween others.NaksansaandYeosu populationswere genetically remote(D=1.167) from
eachconspecificpopulation.
Keywords : Ants,Pheidolefervida.GeneticVariation,Electrophoretic,SGE
Since the original demonstration of extensive six localities in Korea. Whenever ants' nests were
genetic variation of enzyme-encoding loci in na- found in the fields or mountainsides, they were
tural population(Lewontin and Hubby, 1966), one opened with a spade. Some of the collected speci-
ofthe primary goals ofpopulation genetic has been mens were put into Bouin's alcoholic solution (150
to identify the forces responsible for this variation ml of 80% ethanol, 15 ml formaldehyde and 1 g
(Lewontin, 1974; Nei, 1975; Ayala, 1976; Nei and picric acid), and transferred 2~3 days later to 95%
Koehn, 1983). In the past decade, an increasing ethanol. Others, intended for electrophoretic use,
number ofstudies have attempted to identify direc- were placed on liquid nitrogen tank or ice box, and
tly biochemical differences among allozymes as latermoved to the deep freezer at -60°C.
part of multilevel investigation of the adaptive Dried specimens were microscopically examined
basis ofallozyme variation(Koehn et al., 1983). using the stereo zoom-microscope (Wild M8), and
Grenus Pheidole, ofwhich four species have been identified in comparison with voucher specimens
recorded in Korea, is a world wide genus with a from CoUingwood in Great Britain, Onoyama in
large number ofspecies belonging to the subfamily Japan, Rigato in Italy and Wang in China, as well
Myrmicinae. In Korea, the genus has been inves- as the type specimens from the City Museum
tigated by some researchers, Teranishi(1940), Kim Leeds, U.K. Once identified, the specimens used in
(1963, 1970), Kim (1982), Terayama et al. (1992), this analysis were soldier caste because worker
Choi(1993), and Kim et al. (1993, 1994). Since po- was too small to analyze for morphometries. Atotal
pulations of this species vary in morphology and of20 individuals per regions were measured under
colour, we carried out the analysis of intraspecific the stereo zoom-microscope for head width (HW),
variation by quantitative analysis ofmorphological head length(HL), eye width(EW), eye length(EL),
data and the analysis ofisozyme variation by SGE scape length (SL), cephalic index (CI = HW/HL x
(Selander et al, 1971). 100), and scape index (SI® = SL/HL; SI® = SL/
HW). The coefficients of similarity between six re-
MATERIALS AND METHODS
gions were offered using unweighted pair group
method of arithmetic average (UPGMA) by SPSS/
All the specimens used in this study were from PC+ and following the Elmes(1978). For electro-
,
phoresis of allozyme variation, approximately
*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed. hundred or more individuals per population were
169
170 KoreanJ. Entomol.,30(3), September 2000
used, considering individual variation regarding mandibles. Mandibles two apical teeth widely from
polymorphism. After performing starch gel electro- small basal tooth. Antennae 12 segmented with 3
phoresis(SGE; Selander, 1971), gels were obtained. apical segments enlarged to distinct club. Antennal
The degrees ofgenetic variation based on the esti- scape much extending backward beyond posterior
mated NTSYS program, used UPGMA, WPGMA, area ofhead. Pronotum width narrower than occi-
COMPL.
pital width. Others part resembled soldiers.
RESULTS Measured Value. EL= 0.313-0.338, EW=0.205
-0.229, HL=2.471-2.653, HW= 2.403-2.557, SL=
Description
1.295-1.391, 01 = 97.228-99.033, SI® = 50.715-
Pheidole Westwood, 1840, 6: 87. 54.510, SI(D=51.925-55.059.
Tjrpe species : Atta providens Sykes, 1835. Specimens Examined. Deokyusan (3.X.1994),
Jirisan(22.Vm.l994), Yeosu (29.IV.1994), Nak-
Pheidolefervida Fr. Smith, 1874 ^^^7flnl sansa(15.VL1994), Chiaksan(20.V.1994), Chilgap-
Pheidole fervida Fr. Smith, 1874: 406; Forel, san(29.VIL1993).
1900: 285; Teranishi, 1940: 4; Ogata, 1982: 195; Localities. Gaeseong, Bakyeon-Pokpo, Sagam-
Imai, 1966: 119. po, Geumgangsan, Pyeongyang, Seokwangsa,
Pheidolefervida var. kwazana Teranishi, 1940; ?; Ganghwado, Seoraksan, Seoul, Songnisan, Worak-
Kupyanskaya, 1990: 124. san, Gyeryongsan, Jirisan, Namhaedo, Geojedo,
Pheidolefervida; Kim, 1963: 344; Kim, 1970: 477 Naejangsan, Odongdo, Yokjido, Hansnado, Hanlla-
CoUingwood, 1976: 302; Kim and Kim, 1983 san.
71; Terayama et al., 1992: 27; Kim et al., 1993 References Record. Terayama (1940), CoUing-
124; Kim et al., 1994: 299; Kim et al., 1995 wood(1976).
105; Kim et al., 1996: 122. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China.
Comparisonbetween morphological and
Diagnostics Description; Dimorphic species.
mm electrophoretic analysis
Large worker(Soldier); Bodylength 3.7 to 4.7
mm. Head, thorax and petiole brownish yellow, The result of morphological analysis, which de-
abdomen brown, legs and antennae yellow, mandi- pends on degree ofsimilarity based on the external
bles dark brown. Head length more or less longer morphological characters showed that they were
than width, and a large number offurrows distinct significiantly different among them. The degree of
toward the frontal margin. Occipital margin sub- similarity between Deokyusan and Jirisan (simi-
sided deeply, carina indistincts. Clypeus plate and arity = 95), Chiaksan and Chilgapsan (similarity =
anterior margin concaved deeply. Compound eyes 90) were morphologically higher than those be-
small and located forward. Mandibles two apical tween others, between Naksansa and others were
teeth widely from small basal tooth. Antennae 12 lower(Tablel, Fig. 1).
segmented with 3 apical segments enlarged to On the other hand, the results of electrophoretic
distinct club. Pronotum rounded anterolaterally, analysis, using SGE are a little different from mor-
width two times as head width in dorsal view. Con- phological characters but similar to morphological
nected area between metanotum and mesonotum analysis. The degree of genetic variation of Nak-
subside but indistinct. Spine on propodeum short, sansa (P = 0.3818, Ho = 0.0317, He = 0.1845) was
back-upward in lateral view. Petiole peaked or lower than those ofothers. Deokjrusan(P= 0.5934,
rounded in profile. Postpetiole without distinct Ho = 0.0814, He = 0.2769) shamed highest varia-
ventral projection, width two times as petiole wid- bility(Table 2-5; Figs. 2, 3).
th. Both thorax and petiole indistincts furrows irre- Based on the estamated NTSYS program, used
gulatoly. Abdomen egg-shaped. UPGMA, WPGMA and COMPL, it seemed that
mm
Small worker (Worker); Body length 1.3 to Chilgapsan and Chiaksan population were geneti-
1.58mm. Head, thorax and petiole brownish yellow, cally closer(D = 0.335) than those between others,
mandibles, antennae and legs light brown, abdo- Naksansa and Yeosu population were genetically
men dark brown. Long oval heads multidentate remote(D=1.167) from each conspecific population.
Parkand Kim - Variation ofPheidolefervidain Korea 171
Table 1.Morphological characters measured ofPheidole fervida(Soldier). Values are given as modes and in parentheses,
minima, maxima. (Populations: 1. Naksansa;2. Chiaksan; 3. Chilgapsan; 4. Deokyusan; 5. Jirisan; 6. Yeosu)
EL EW HL HW SL CI SI® SI(D
0.328 0.221 2.653 2.513 1.391 99.033 54.510 55.059
(0.31-0.35) (0.20-0.24) (2.47-2.62) (2.45-2.60) (1.37-1.41) (97.31-102.07) (53.05-55.92) (53.46-56.32)
0.338 0.224 2.565 2.557 1.373 97.736 53.569 53.755
(0.32-0.36) (0.20-0.25) (2.40-2.70) (2.43-2.65) (1.32-1.40) (96.15-108.33) (50.00-57.50) (51.53-55.87)
0.329 0.216 2.589 2.548 1.352 98.427 52.140 53.323
(0.30-0.35) (0.20-0.23) (2.30-2.70) (2.40-2.70) (1.29-1.40) (93.23-108.00) (47.78-56.33) (48.31-57.83)
0.313 0.215 2.515 2.459 1.317 97.751 52.444 53.662
(0.30-0.35) (0.20-0.35) (2.34-2.83) (2.31-2.80) (1.28-1.34) (94.62-99.20) (46.64-54.58) (47.14-56.71)
0.319 0.205 2.471 2.403 1.307 97.228 52.980 54.346
(0.30-0.34) (2.20-0.22) (2.30-2.62) (2.30-2.56) (1.27-1.36) (95.00-100.00) (50.00-56.52) (50.98-56.70)
0.330 0.229 2.555 2.495 1.295 97.729 50.715 51.925
(0.30-0.38) (0.21-0.25) (2.40-2.70) (2.31-2.60) (1.28-1.32) (95.35-100.81) (48.52-53.33) (49.61-55.41)
Table2.WAllelefrequenciesofpolymorphiclocioiPheidolefervida. Numbersrefertothe collectionregions listedinTable 1. (S
: soldier, : worker)
Locus
172 KoreanJ. Entomoi.,30(3), September 2000
Re—scaled Similarity ClusterCombine
CASE
80 60 40 20
Label Seq
4 1 \
5
2
3
6
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
4
5
2
3
6
1
4
5
2
3
6
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
ParkandKim - VariationofPheldolefervldain Korea 173
Table4.Observedheterozygosity(Ho)andexpectedheterozygosity(He)at 14lociofPheidolefervida
174 KoreanJ.Entomol.,30(3), September 2000
COMPL ^Naksansa-S san and Chiaksan populations have 94% degree of
Naksansa-I similarity; Deokyusan and Jirisan populations
Chiaksan-S
have 88%; they and Yeosu populations have 80%.
Chiaksan-f
ChilsBpsan-S Naksansa population were the farthest population
OiiIgqpsan-f from others in morphological and genetical tracts.
Deokyusan-S
Oeokyusan-W
Jirlsan-S REFERENCES
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