Genetic and environmental factors affecting serum macrominerals and preweaning growth in angus, brahman and their crosses

162 Pages·1992·4.8 MB·English

by  Odenya, William Ouko

GENETICANDENVIRONMENTALFACTORS
AFFECTINGSERUMMACROMINERALSAND
PREWEANINGGROWTHINANGUS, BRAHMAN
ANDTHEIRCROSSES
BY
WILLIAMOUKOODENYA
ADISSERTATION PRESENTEDTOTHE
GRADUATESCHOOLOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTS
FORTHEDEGREEOFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1992
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDALIBRARIES
Dedicatedto
MylateparentsAbsalomOdenyaOlooandDuclllaMbaylOdenya
whoinstilledwithinmethevaluestosucceedinanyendeavor
My wife Jemimah who patiently and lovingly provided support
necessaryforcompletionofthiseffort
My children Daniel, Patricia and Erick who encouraged and
challengedmetofinishmydegreeprogram
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Mauricio A. EIzo, chairman of my
supervisorycommittee,forguidance,encouragementandsupervisionprovided
during my graduate study. My sincere gratitude is also extended to Drs.
TimothyA.Olson,LeeR. McDowell,DonD.Hargrove,CharlesJ.Wilcoxand
PeterE.Hildebrandfortheiradviceandhelpfulcriticismandfortheirserviceon
thesupervisorycommittee.
Special thanks are extended to Mr. Carlos Manrique, a friend and
graduatestudent,forhisassistancewithdatacollection,Ms.NancyWilkinson
forheradviceinlaboratoryproceduresinmineralanalysisandtoMs. Shirley
A. Rhodenforassistancewithwordprocessingprocedures.
Sincere thanks are also expressed to my friends Henry King, Peter
Wanyande, Stephen 0. Mbuya, Dr. Richard Ogwada and to my friends at
CreeksideCommunityChurchfortheirthoughtsandsocializing.
IexpressmyappreciationtoEgertonUniversity,Kenyaforprocuringme
afellowshiptotrainfordoctoraldegreeattheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville.
Nowordscanexpressmyappreciationfortheencouragementgivenby
mywife, Jemimahandmychildren:Daniel,PatriciaandErick.
iii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
LISTOFTABLES vii
ABSTRACT
ix
CHAPTERS
ONE INTRODUCTION
1
TWO LITERATUREREVIEW 6
SourcesofVariationofMacromineralConcentrations 6
Environmentalfactors 6
Geneticfactors 9
InheritanceofMinerals 11
RelationshipBetweenMineralConcentrationsandGrowth ... 12
Calcium 12
Introduction 12
PhysiologicalFunctions 13
Proteinsynthesisandgrowth 13
OtherFunctions 16
Homeostasis 16
Absorption 21
Requirements 23
Phosphorus 24
Introduction 24
PhysiologicalFunctions 24
Proteinsynthesisandgrowth 24
OtherFunctions 26
Homeostasis 28
Absorption 29
Requirements 31
iv
Magnesium 31
Introduction 31
PhysiologicalFunctions 32
Proteinsynthesisandgrowth 32
OtherFunctions 34
Homeostasis 35
Absorption 37
Requirements 38
Potassium 39
Introduction 39
PhysiologicalFunctions 39
Proteinsynthesisandgrowth 39
OtherFunctions 40
Homeostasis 42
Absorption 43
Requirements 43
Sodium 44
Introduction 44
PhysiologicalFunctions 44
Proteinsynthesisandgrowth 44
OtherFunctions 45
Homeostasis 45
Absorption 46
Requirements 47
THREE ADDITIVEANDNONADDITIVEGENETIC
EFFECTSOFSERUMCALCIUM, PHOSHORUS,
ANDMAGNESIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING
INANANGUS, BRAHMANMULTIBREEDHERD 48
Introduction 48
MaterialsandMethods 50
ResultsandDiscussion 57
FOUR HERITABILITIESOFANDGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL
ANDPHENOTYPICCORRELATIONSAMONGSERUM
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUSANDWEIGHTATWEANING
INANANGUS, BRAHMANMULTIBREEDHERD 67
Introduction 67
MaterialsandMethods 68
ResultsandDiscussion 74
V
FIVE ADDITIVEANDNONADDITIVEGENETICEFFECTSOF
SERUMPOTASSIUMANDSODIUMANDWEIGHT
ATWEANINGINANANGUS, BRAHMAN
MULTIBREEDHERD 79
Introduction 79
MaterialsandMethods 81
ResultsandDiscussion 89
SIX HERITABILITIESOFANDGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL
ANDPHENOTYPICCORRELATIONSAMONGSERUM
POTASSIUMANDSODIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING
INANANGUS, BRAHMANMULTIBREEDHERD 100
Introduction 100
MaterialsandMethods 102
ResultsandDiscussion 107
SEVEN SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 116
APPENDIX 130
LITERATURECITED 132
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 149
vi
LISTOFTABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 NUMBEROFSIRESANDDAMSBYBREEDGROUP
COMPOSITION 53
2 NUMBEROFPROGENYBYMATINGTYPE 54
3 F-VALUESANDPROBABILITYLEVELSOFENVIRONMENTAL
ANDGENETICEFFECTSFORSERUMCALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS,
ANDMAGNESIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING 60
4 BESTLINEARUNBIASEDESTIMATESOFADDITIVEAND
NONADDITIVEGENETICEFFECTSFORSERUMCALCIUM,
PHOSPHORUS,ANDMAGNESIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING ... 61
5 COMBININGABILITYOFSIREBREEDGROUPSMATEDACROSS
DAMBREEDGROUPSFORSERUMCALCIUM,PHOSPHORUS,
ANDMAGNESIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING 66
6 NUMBEROFPROGENYPERSIRE 72
7 RESTRICTED MAXIMUMLIKELIHOODESTIMATESOF
VARIANCECOMPONENTSFORSERUMCALCIUM,
PHOSPHORUS,ANDMAGNESIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING ... 75
8 ESTIMATESOFHERITABILITIES(± SE)ANDGENETIC
(± SE),ENVIRONMENTALANDPHENOTYPIC
CORRELATIONSAMONGSERUMCALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS,
ANDWEIGHTATWEANING 77
9 NUMBEROFSIRESUSEDEACHYEARBYBREEDGROUP 83
10 NUMBEROFDAMSUSEDEACHYEARBYBREEDGROUP 84
11 NUMBEROFCALVESPRODUCEDBYBREEDGROUPOFSIRE
BYBREEDGROUPOFDAMSUBCLASS 85
vii
12 F-VALUESANDPROBABILITYLEVELSOFENVIRONMENTAL
ANDGENETICEFFECTSFORSERUMPOTASSIUMANDSODIUM
ANDWEIGHTATWEANING 91
13 BESTLINEARUNBIASEDESTIMATESOFADDITIVEPOTASSIUM,
SODIUMANDWEIGHTATWEANING 94
14 COMBININGABILITYOFSIREBREEDGROUPSMATEDACROSS
DAMBREEDGROUPSFORSERUMPOTASSIUM, ANDSODIUM
ANDWEIGHTATWEANING 98
15 DISTRIBUTIONOFSIRESANDCALVESBYBREED
GROUPOFSIRE 104
16 RESTRICTED MAXIMUMLIKELIHOODESTIMATESOF
VARIANCECOMPONENTSFORSERUMPOTASSIUM
ANDWEIGHTATWEANING 108
17 ESTIMATESOFHERITABILITIES (± SE)ANDGENETIC
{± SE),ENVIRONMENTALANDPHENOTYPICCORRELATIONS
AMONGSERUMPOTASSIUMANDSODIUMANDWEIGHTAT
WEANING 110
viii
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillnnentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy
GENETICANDENVIRONMENTALFACTORSAFFECTING
SERUMMACROMINERALSANDPREWEANINGGROWTH
INANGUS, BRAHMANANDTHEIRCROSSES
By
WILLIAMOUKOODENYA
May, 1992
Chairman: MauricioA. EIzo
MajorDepartment: AnimalScience
Geneticandenvironmentalfactorsaffectingserummacromineralsand
preweaning growth in beef cattle were investigated. Amounts of serum
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassiumand sodiumatweaning (WCa,
WP, WMg, WK, WNa) and weaning weight (WW) were obtained from 380
Angus(A),Brahman(B)andAxBcalves. CalveswereproducedbymatingA,
.75A.25B, .5A.5B, .25A,75B and Brangussirestodamsofthe same breed
groupsexcept .25A.75B. The geneticeffects modelcontainedyear, winter
management,cleanupherd,ageofcalfatfirstsampling,sex,ageofdamand
sex X age of dam interaction as fixed environmental effects. The genetic
effectsweretheregressionsonAsireadditive,AxBdirectnonadditiveandA
xBdamnonadditive. Thevariancecomponentsmodelcontainedalltheabove
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environmental effects plus the breed group of sire x breed group of dam
interactionandthebreedgroupofmaternalgrandsirexbreedgroupofmaternal
granddaminteractionasfixedgeneticeffects, andsirewithinbreedgroupof
sireas a random geneticeffect. Yearand sex were importantforall traits
(P<.01). AgeofdamwasimportantforWPandWMg(P<.01),WNaandWW
(P<.04). SexXageofdaminteractionwasimportantforWW(P<.04). Best
Linear Unbiased Estimates of genetic effects that were significant (P<.01)
were1)-4.70mgWCa,-3.00mgWP,-.87mgWMg,-11.58mgWK,-108.35
mgWNaand-.38kgWWforAsireadditive, 2)-11.82 mgWPand .83 mg
WMgforAdamadditive,3)213.51 mgWCa,81.19mgWP,48.26mgWMg,
304.58 mgWK, 5931.66 mgWNaand 19.91 kgWWfornonadditivedirect
and 4) 366.56 mg WCa, 95.50 mg WP, 70.20 mg WMg, 550.72 mgWK,
9422.95 mg WNa and 36.31 kg WW for nonadditive maternal. The best
combiningability was obtained by mating Bsiresto dams. Heritabilities
were.39 (WCa), .40(WP), .36 (WMg), .09 (WK), .46(WNa)and .35 (WW).
Genetic,environmentalandphenotypiccorrelationswere.66, .55,.57(WCa,
WP), .70, .71, .70 (WCa,WMg), 1.00, .86, .88 (WCa,WW), .86, .73, .75
(WMg,WW), 1.03, .65, .67 (WK, WNa), .94, .59, .62 (WK, WW) and .94,
.84, .87 (WNa, WW). SerumWCa, WP, WMgandWNacould be useful in
multipletraitgeneticevaluationprocedurestohelpidentifyanimalsthatrequire
low amounts of Ca, P, Mg and Na for preweaning growth. This may be
advantageousinareaswiththesemineraldeficiencies.
X