Generation & Utilization Of Electrical Energy

589 Pages·2010·15.277 MB·English

by  S. Sivanagaraju, Balasubba M., Reddy, D. Srilatha

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering
JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
Professor and Head
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prakasam Engineering College
Kandukur, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prakasam Engineering College
Kandukur, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh
Dedicated to our parents
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Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
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ISBN: 978-81-317-333-25
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Brief Contents
Preface xvii
About the Authors xviii
Chapter 1 Conventional Power Generation 1
Chapter 2 Non-conventional Power Generation 67
Chapter 3 Conservation 93
Chapter 4 Electric Heating 137
Chapter 5 Electric Welding 189
Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Illumination 219
Chapter 7 Various Illumination Methods 269
Chapter 8 Electric Drives 319
Chapter 9 Electric Traction-I 427
Chapter 10 Electric Traction-II 479
Chapter 11 Electrolysis 531
Chapter 12 Refrigeration and Air-conditioning 553
Index 565

Contents
Preface xvii
About the Authors xviii
1 Conventional Power Generation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Hydropower Generation 1
1.2.1 Hydrology 2
1.2.2 Streamflow,hydrographs,andflow–durationcurvesstreamflow 2
1.2.3 Hydrographs 2
1.2.4 Mass curve 3
1.2.5 A dvantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric plants 4
1.2.6 Selection of site for hydroelectric plants 5
1.2.7 Water power equation 5
1.2.8 Classificationofhydroelectricplants 6
1.2.9 Function of the various components in a
hydroelectric generation system 11
1.2.10 Location of a hydroelectric station 13
1.2.11 Working principle of a hydroelectric plant 13
1.3 Thermal Power Stations 14
1.3.1 Principle of working of a thermal power station 14
1.3.2 Factors to be considered for locating a thermal plant 14
1.3.3 Schematic diagram of thermal power station 16
1.3.4 One-line diagram of thermal station indicating the various circuits 17
1.3.5 Types of boilers 21
1.3.6 Methodsoffiringboilers 24
1.3.7 Furnaces 26
1.3.8 Superheaters and reheaters 27
1.3.9 Steam turbines 28
1.3.10 Condensers 29
1.3.11 Cooling towers 31
1.3.12 Chimneys 33
1.4 Nuclear Power Generation 33
1.4.1 Working principle of a nuclear power station 34
1.4.2 A dvantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants 35
1.4.3 Location of nuclear power station 35
1.4.4 Energy–massrelationship:Einstein’slaw 35
1.4.5 Mass defect and binding energy 36
1.4.6 Nuclear reaction 37
1.4.7 Nuclearfission 38
1.4.8 Nuclear chain reaction 39
1.4.9 Main parts of a nuclear rector and their function 40
1.4.10 Fuel materials for nuclear reactors (nuclear fuels) 42
1.4.11 Control of nuclear reactors 42
1.4.12 Classificationofnuclearreactors 43
1.4.13 Commercial types of reactors 45
vi Contents
1.4.14 Boiling water reactor (BWR) 46
1.4.15 Gas-cooled reactor 49
1.4.16 Radiation 50
1.4.17 Types of radiations 50
1.4.18 Radiation hazards 50
1.4.19 Shielding 52
1.5 Gas Power Generation 52
1.5.1 A simple gas turbine power plant 53
1.5.2 Applications of gas turbine plants 54
1.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of gas turbine plants 54
1.6 Diesel Power Generation 55
1.6.1 Diesel engine power plant 55
1.6.2 Site selection for diesel power plants 56
1.6.3 Applications of diesel engine power plants 56
1.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of diesel power plants 56
Key Notes 57
Short Questions and Answers 58
Multiple-choice Questions 59
Review Questions 65
Answers 66
2 Non-conventional Power Generation 67
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Generation of Electrical Power by Non-conventional Methods 67
2.3 Solar Energy 68
2.3.1 Solar energy collector 68
2.4 Point-focusing Collector 71
2.4.1 Photovoltaic cells or solar cells 71
2.4.2 Solar cell characteristics 72
2.4.3 Solar power generation 73
2.4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of solar power 75
2.4.5 Applications of solar energy 75
2.5 Wind Energy 75
2.5.1 Basic principle of wind energy conversion 76
2.5.2 Basic components of wind energy conversion plant 76
2.5.3 Types of wind mills 77
2.5.4 Site selection for wind energy conversion plant 77
2.5.5 Wind power generation 78
2.5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of wind power 79
2.5.7 Applications of wind energy 79
2.6 Tidal Power 79
2.6.1 Components of tidal power plant 80
2.6.2 Site selection of tidal power plant 80
2.6.3 Tidal power generation 80
2.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of tidal power 81
2.7 Geothermal Power 82
2.7.1 Geothermal resources 82
2.7.2 Geothermal power generation 82
2.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal power 83
2.7.4 Applications of geothermal energy 84
Contents vii
2.8 Biomass and Biogas 84
2.8.1 Biogas generation 84
2.8.2 Site selection of biogas plant 86
2.8.3 Advantages and disadvantages of biogas 86
2.9 MHD Generations 86
2.9.1 MHD generation 87
2.9.2 Advantages and disadvantages of MHD power generation 88
Key Notes 88
Short Questions and Answers 89
Multiple-choice Questions 90
Review Questions 92
Answers 92
3 Conservation 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Load Curve 93
3.2.1 Load duration curve 94
3.2.2 Definitionoftermsandfactors 94
3.3 Cost of Electrical Energy 99
3.3.1 Cost of generation station 99
3.3.2 Annual cost 100
3.3.3 Factorsinfluencingtheformulationoftariff 101
3.3.4 Factorstobeconsideredinfixingupthetariff 102
3.3.5 Types of tariffs 102
3.4 Need for Electrical Energy Conservation(cid:209)Methods 111
3.4.1 Energyefficientequipment 112
3.4.2 Energy management 113
3.4.3 Energy auditing 114
3.5 Power Factor Improvement 114
3.5.1 Causes of low power factor 115
3.5.2 Effects or disadvantages of low power factor 115
3.5.3 Advantages of power factor improvement 116
3.5.4 Methods of improving power factor 116
3.5.5 Most economical power factor when the kW demand is constant 124
3.5.6 Most economical power factor when the kVA
maximum demand is constant 125
3.6 Concept of Distributed Generation 127
3.7 Deregulation 128
3.8 Need for Restructuring 129
3.8.1 Motivation for restructuring the power industry 129
Key Notes 130
Short Questions and Answers 130
Multiple-choice Questions 131
Review Questions 134
Exercise Problems 134
Answers 135
4 Electric Heating 137
4.1 Introduction 137
4.2 Advantages of Electric Heating 137
viii Contents
4.3 Modes of Transfer of Heat 138
4.3.1 Conduction 138
4.3.2 Convection 139
4.3.3 Radiation 139
4.4 Essential Requirements of Good Heating Element 139
4.5 Material for Heating Elements 140
4.6 Causes of Failure of Heating Elements 141
4.6.1 Formation of hotspots 141
4.6.2 Oxidation and intermittency of operation 141
4.6.3 Embrittlement causing grain growth 141
4.6.4 Contamination and corrosion 141
4.7 Design of Heating Elements 141
4.8 Methods of Electric Heating 148
4.9 Resistance Heating 150
4.9.1 Direct resistance heating 150
4.9.2 Indirect resistance heating 151
4.9.3 Infrared or radiant heating 153
4.10 Temperature Control of Resistance Heating 153
4.11 Arc Heating 155
4.11.1 Electrodes used in the arc furnaces 156
4.11.2 Types of arc furnaces 156
4.11.3 Power supply and control of arc furnace 157
4.12 High-frequency Heating 163
4.13 Induction Heating 163
4.13.1 Core type furnace 164
4.13.2 Coreless type induction furnace 167
4.14 Dielectric Heating 172
Key Notes 179
Short Questions and Answers 179
Multiple-choice Questions 181
Review Questions 185
Exercise Problems 186
Answers 186
5 Electric Welding 189
5.1 Introduction 189
5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding 189
5.3 Electric Welding 190
5.4 Resistance Welding 190
5.4.1 Types of resistance welding 192
5.5 Choice of Welding Time 197
5.6 Electric Arc Welding 198
5.6.1 Carbon arc welding 200
5.6.2 Metal arc welding 201
5.6.3 Atomic hydrogen arc welding 201
5.6.4 Inert gas metal arc welding 202
5.7 Submerged Arc Welding 203
5.8 Electron Beam Welding 204
5.9 Laser Beam Welding 205
Contents ix
5.10 Types of Welding Electrodes 206
5.10.1 Non-consumable electrodes 206
5.10.2 Consumable electrodes 206
5.11 Comparison between Resistance and Arc Weldings 208
5.12 Electric Welding Equipment 208
5.12.1 Electric welding power sets 208
5.12.2 Electrode holder 210
5.12.3 Welding cables 210
5.12.4 Chipping hammer and wire brush 210
5.13 Comparison between AC and DC Weldings 210
Key Notes 211
Short Questions and Answers 211
Multiple-choice Questions 213
Review Questions 217
Answers 218
6 Fundamentals of Illumination 219
6.1 Introduction 219
6.1.1 Nature of light 219
6.2 Terms Used in Illumination 220
6.2.1 Radiantefficiency 220
6.2.2 Plane angle 221
6.2.3 Solid angle 221
6.3 Laws of Illumination 228
6.3.1 Inverse square law 228
6.3.2 Lambert(cid:213)s cosine law 229
6.4 Polar Curves 252
6.4.1 Rousseau(cid:213)s construction 252
6.5 Photometry 253
6.5.1 Principle of simple photometer 253
6.5.2 Photometer heads 254
6.6 Photo Cells (for Photometric Measurements) 257
6.6.1 Photo voltaic cell 257
6.6.2 Photo emissive cell 259
6.7 Integrating Sphere 259
6.8 Sources of Light 262
6.8.1 By temperature effect 262
6.8.2 By establishing an arc between two electrodes 262
6.8.3 Discharge lamps 262
Key Notes 263
Short Questions and Answers 263
Multiple-choice Questions 265
Review Questions 266
Exercise Problems 267
Answers 267
7 Various Illumination Methods 269
7.1 Introduction 269
7.2 Types of Sources of Illumination 269