Table Of ContentGeneration Systems Software
Power Engineering Software Series
Series Editor: Professor John R. Smith
The Power Engineering Software series is designed to provide software of immediate use
to practising and graduate engineers. The scope will include power systems analysis
packages ranging from fault analysis, load flow and computerized relay settings for
distribution and transmission systems to the dynamic operation of generation systems and
mixed electrical machine systems suitable for use with industrial and marine installations.
The software is specially formulated to be of direct use for practical problem evaluation
and to serve as a computer based instructional package for those engineers requiring
updated training in the use of these techniques. Their use in the latter context may be
described as that of a sophisticated slide-rule which enables the time involved and the
drudgery of hard calculation to be eliminated. User friendly electrical power system
software can be used effectively to gain a firm grasp of the subject by reference to
demonstrations of the various problems to which the methods and analysis may be directed.
A particular attraction of the series is the clear and straightforward manner in which
individual computer program manuals are presented, together with case studies selected to
assist the user in the rapid implementation of the techniques.
1. Generation Systems Software
Steam, gas and diesel plant
Generation Systems Software
Steam, gas and diesel plant
M.-J. Chen, M. Buamud and D.M. Grant
for
E.M. Simulation Services Ltd
Stonehaven
Scotland
CHAPMAN & HALL
London· Weinheim . New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras
Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN, UK
Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK
Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA
Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2-2-1 Hirakawacho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205,
Australia
Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East,
Madras 600035, India
First edition 1996
© 1996 Chapman & Hall
ISBN-13: 978-0-412-57850-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1191-1
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1191-1
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or
criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents
Act,1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of
the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in
accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate Reproduction
Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside
the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address
printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
§
Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINIS0.48-
1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Contents
List of abbreviations Vlll
1 Introduction 1
2 Overview of system component modelling 3
3 Program operating manuals 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 General 13
3.2.1 Computer requirements 13
3.2.2 Using the programs 14
3.2.3 Plotting results files 14
4 Steam turbo-generator program manual 16
4.1 Introduction 16
4.2 The opening menu (page 1) 17
4.3 System specification menu (page 2) 18
4.3.1 Protection and disturbance parameters 20
sub-menu (page 2a)
4.4 The generator menu (page 3) 21
4.5 The A VR menu (page 4) 22
4.5.1 The A VR state data menu (page 4a) 23
4.5.2 The A VR limit data menu (page 4b) 23
4.5.3 The saturation function data menu (page 4c) 24
4.6 The mechanical system menu (page 5) 24
4.6.1 Turbine section data menu (page 5a) 25
4.6.2 Generator section data menu (page 5b) 26
4.7 The governor menu (page 6) 27
4.7.1 The governor state data menu (page 6a) 27
4.7.2 The governor limit data menu (page 6b) 28
4.8 The network menu (page 7) 28
4.8.1 Line parameters menu (page 7a ) 29
4.9 A VR modelling 30
4.9.1 Background 30
4.9.2 Standardized model for data presentation 31
VI
4.9.3 Exciter saturation 32
4.10 Governor modelling 33
4.11 Case studies 35
5. Diesel-generator program manual 46
5.1 Introduction 46
5.2 The opening menu (page 1) 47
5.3 System specification menu (page 2) 49
5.3.1 Event data sub-menu 50
5.4 The generator menu (page 3) 51
5.5 The AV R menu (page 4) 52
5.5.1 The A VR state data menu (page 4a) 53
5.5.2 The A VR limit data menu (page 4b) 54
5.5.3 The saturation function data menu (page 4c) 54
5.6 The engine data menu (page 5) 54
5.6.1 Identification of engine data 55
5.7 The governor menu (page 6) 56
5.7.1 The governor state data menu (page 6a) 57
5.7.2 The governor limit data menu (page 6b) 58
5.8 The transformer menu (page 7) 58
5.9 Induction motor menu (page 8) 59
5.10 A VR modelling 60
5.10.1 Background 60
5.10.2 Standardized model for data presentation 61
5.10.3 Exciter saturation 62
5.11 Governor modelling 63
5.12 Case Studies 65
6. Gas turbine-generator program manual 76
6.1 Introduction 76
6.2 The opening menu (page 1) 77
6.3 System specification (page 2) 78
6.3.1 Event data sub-menu 79
6.4 The generator menu (page 3) 80
6.5 The A VR menu (page 4) 82
6.5.1 The A VR state data menu (page 4a) 83
6.5.2 The A VR limit data menu (page 4b) 83
6.5.3 The saturation function data menu (page 4c) 84
6.6 The governor menu (page 5) 84
V11
6.6.1 The governor state data menu (page 5a) 85
6.6.2 The governor limit data menu (page 5b) 85
6.7 The transformer menu (page 6) 85
6.8 Induction motor menu (page 7) 86
6.9 A VR modelling 88
6.9.1 Background 88
6.9.2 Standardized model for data presentation 89
6.9.3 Exciter saturation 90
6.10 Governor modelling 91
6.11 Case study 94
References 102
Appendix A Inductance coefficients 103
Appendix B Diesel engine data functions 106
Appendix C Typical rotating electrical machine data 108
List of abbreviations
Electrical symbols
V voltage
I current
R resistance
L inductance
X reactance
A flux linkage
P power
Q reactive power
TX transformer
VT voltage transformer
AVR automatic voltage regulator
MW megawatts
MVA megavolt amperes
MW-s megawatt seconds
Mechanical symbols
J inertia
K stiffness
C damping coefficient
ro angular velocity
H inertia constant
T torque
LP low pressure
IP intermediate pressure
HP high pressure
1 Introduction
The contents of this book are intended for those concerned with the
simulation of the performance of generation systems. The subject is of
importance to practising electrical engineers because of the many situations
that arise in the design and operation of modem electromechanical systems
and electrical power systems. The simulation programs contained in this
book cover the prediction of generator performance for both large and
small scale units.
Synchronous generators of the round rotor and salient-pole variety of
ratings of between a few Megawatts to around 1200 MW are invariably
used by public supply companies for the generation of electrical power.
For industrial purposes a variety of types of generator are used, including
steam and gas turbines, and medium to low speed diesel engine driven
generators, the former for those cases where process steam is available and
the latter often in the role of marine generation or in a standby role.
The consideration of synchronous machine operation very often centres
on the stability of the machine or system to which it is connected and
occupies an important role in the design of power systems. In the early
years of power system development an important requirement was for the
system to maintain stability during large transient disturbances, but for
present-day conditions, the system ties are often stronger and tend to
minimize the risk from this form of instability. However, set against this
the problems associated with dynamic stability and the study of the effect
of various switching and abnormal operating conditions require reliable,
accurate and easily implemented simulation methods.
Chapter 2 provides a background to mathematical representations of
generator systems. The assumptions leading to these formulations are
clearly stated. The per-unit system for expressing machine parameters and
variables is used throughout.
Three-phase representation of all system components has been chosen to
cater for asymmetrical operation. Such a representation is able to easily
model in detail the many asymmetrical phenomena encountered. For
example, around 80% of system faults are of the phase to earth variety, and
although the three phase fault is generally considered to be the most severe
type of fault from the point of view of transient stability evaluation,
2
Simulation of the Performance of Generating Systems
asymmetrical faults resulting in a high percentage of negative phase
sequence components are known to have an onerous effect on
electromechanical oscillatory conditions associated with steam turbine
generation.
Other types of asymmetrical conditions that conceivably arise include
sequential circuit breaker pole opening, unbalanced loading and unbalanced
circuit arrangements.
Three simulation programs are presented. The fIrst concerns a steam
turbine generator, connected via a generator transformer and transmission
link, to a system of much larger capacity. Here the modelling takes account
of the torsional dynamics of the turbine prime-mover together with a
representation for both governor and excitation control. The system
represents a typical large generation unit and caters for the solution to a
variety of symmetrical and asymmetrical disturbance conditions commonly
encountered with this type of system. The second program considers a
diesel driven plant where the run-up from standstill is a feature of the
package. Since generation units of this form are generally associated with
isolated power systems, load representation in the form of the induction
motor load is also represented. The fmal program considers gas turbine
generation and again rotating load representation is provided.
In all cases, the outputs from a program are in graphical form.
Subsequent sections in the book contain manuals for operating the three
programs and a typical case study is provided for each program.
