General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management

374 Pages·2007·6.47 MB·English

General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management
General Concepts in Integrated
Pest and Disease Management
Edited by
A. Ciancio
C.N.R., Bari, Italy
and
K. G. Mukerji
University of Delhi, India
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-1-4020-6060-1(HB)
ISBN978-1-4020-6061-8(e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedonacid-freepaper
Cover Photo:
Nectarine powdery mildew showing white mycelium growth on the green fruits (by Peter Sholberg,
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre/Centre de recherches agroalimentaires du Pacifique,
Summerland, BC, Canada).
AllRightsReserved
©2007Springer
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recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception
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CONTENTS

Contributors xiii
Preface xv

Section 1 - Modeling, Management
and Epidemiology

1 - How to Create and Deploy Infection Models for Plant Pathogens 3
R. D. Magarey and T. B. Sutton
1. Introduction 3
2. Biological Requirements for Infection 6
3. Infection Models 8
4. Disease Forecast 12
5. Weather Inputs 15
5.1. Choice of Input Variables 15
5.2. Source of Weather Data 16
5.3. Canopy Microclimate 17
6. Model Validation 18
7. Information Delivery 21
References 22

2 - A Review of Resurgence and Replacement Causing Pest
Outbreaks in IPM 27
J. D. Dutcher
1. Introduction 27
2. Primary Pest Resurgence 28
3. Secondary Pest Resurgence 29
4. Destruction of Natural Enemies 30
5. Hormoligosis 31
6. Detecting and Measuring Pest Resurgence 32
7. Problems and Solutions 34
8. Conclusions 38
References 39

3 - The Role of Plant Disease Epidemiology in Developing
Successful Integrated Disease Management Programs 45
F. W. Nutter
1. Introduction 45
1.1. Importance of Quantitative Informations on y , r, and t 45
o
1.2. The Relationship between Initial Inoculum (y ) and the Rate
o
of Disease Development (r) 46
1.3. Reducing y , r, and/or t for Effective Integrated Disease
o
Management 48
1.4. Selecting the Best Model to Estimate y , r, and t 49
o
1.4.1. The Monomolecular Model 50
1.4.2. The Exponential Model 51
v
vi CONTENTS
1.4.3. The Logistic Model 52
1.4.4. The Gompertz Model 53
2. Sanitation 54
2.1. Disease Management Principle I: Exclusion (y ) 54
o
2.1.1. Quarantine (y ) 55
o
2.1.2. Seed/Plant Certification Programs (y ) 55
o
2.2. Disease Management Principle II: Avoidance (t) 56
2.2.1. Avoidance of Disease Risk in Space (t) 56
2.2.2. Avoidance of Disease Risk in Time (t) 58
2.3. Disease Management Principle III: Eradication (y ) 59
o
2.3.1. Eradication through Crop Rotation 60
2.3.2. Removal of Alternate and Alternative Hosts 60
2.3.3. Roguing of Diseased Plants (y and r) 62
o
2.3.4. Removal and Burial of Crop Residues (Debris), (y ) 63
o
2.3.5. Pathogen Eradication Programs (y ) 63
o
2.3.6. Flooding (y ) 64
o
2.3.7. Soil Solarization (y ) 64
o
2.3.8. Eradication/Disinfestation by Heat
Sterilization/Pasteurization(y ) 65
o
2.3.9. Soil Fumigation (y ) 65
o
3. Protection 65
3.1. Disease Management Principle IV: Protection (y and/or r) 65
o
3.1.1. Use of Physical Barriers to Protect Crops (y and r) 65
o
3.1.2. Use of Chemical Barriers to Protect Crops (y and r) 66
o
3.1.3. The Use of Organic and Reflective Mulches (y and r) 68
o
3.2. Disease Management Principle V: Host Resistance 69
3.2.1. Resistance Reducing Initial Inoculum (y ) 69
o
3.2.2. Resistance Reducing the Rate of Infection
(Disease Development) 69
3.2.3. Host Resistance Affecting Time (t) 71
3.2.4. Molecular Technologies for Disease Resistant Plants 71
3.3. Disease Management Principle VI: Therapy
(y and Sometimes r) 73
o
3.3.1. Heat Therapy (y ) 73
o
3.3.2. Antibiotic and Chemical Therapy (y ) 73
o
3.3.3. Therapy Methods that Employ Radiation (y ) 73
o
3.3.4. Removal of Infected Plant Parts (y and r) 73
o
4. Integration of IPM Practices at the Disease Components Level 74
Acknowledgem ents 76
References 76

4 - Concepts for Plant Protection in Changing
Tropical Environments 81
A. Ciancio and K. G. Mukerji
1. Introduction 81
2. Environment and Climate Changes 83
2.1. Climate and Anthropogenic Changes 83
2.2. Past Climate Changes in the Tropics 85
CONTENTS vii

2.3. Present Climates 88
2.3.1. The Central Andes and South America 88
2.3.2. The Caribbean and Tropical Pacific 90
2.3.3. The Asian Monsoon System 91
2.3.4. Tropical Africa and Sub-Sahara 92
2.4. Expected Scenarios 93
2.4.1. Monsoon System 93
2.4.2.The Tropical Pacific 94
2.4.3. West Africa 95
3. Climate Changes and Plant Protection 95
3.1. Some General Concepts in Plant Protection 96
3.2. Crop Protection and Anthropogenic Changes 98
3.2.1. Changes Induced by Climate Variations 98
3.2.2. Marginal Benefit and Density Thresholds 99
3.3. Effects of Climate and Environment Changes on Pests
and Diseases 101
3.3.1. Insects and Mites 101
3.3.2. Soil Food Webs 103
3.3.3. Plant Pathogens 104
3.4. Habitat Changes and Integrated Management 107
3.4.1. Rainforests 107
3.4.2. Hydrologic Cycles 108
3.5. Epidemics and Biological Control Agents 109
3.6. Plants Reactions to Climate Changes 110

3.6.1. Reaction to Greenhouse Gases 110

3.6.2. Reactions to Irradiation 111

4. Expected Changes in Tropical Regions 112
4.1. Central Andes and South America 113
4.2. Caribbean and Tropical Pacific 114
4.3. Asian Monsoon Region 115
4.4. Africa and Sub Sahara 117
5. Adaptive Strategies for Integrated Management 119
5.1. Adaptive Strategies and Disease Management 119
5.2. Tools and Technologies 120
6. Conclusions 122
References 122

5 - Management of Postharvest Diseases in Stone and Pome
Fruit Crops 131
S.-P. Tian
1. Introduction 131
2. Principal Diseases and Infection Process 132
2.1. The Major Pathogens 132
2.2. The Infection Process 132
2.3. The Penetration Ways 133
2.3.1. Wound Infection 133
2.3.2. Direct Infection 134
viii CONTENTS
3. Conditions Affecting Pathogen Infection and Disease
Development 134
3.1. Environmental Conditions 134
3.1.1. Temperature 134
3.1.2. Humidity 135
3.1.3. Atmosphere Control 135
3.2. Fruit Resistance to Fungal Attack 135
3.2.1. Maturity 136
3.2.2. Biochemical Defense 136
3.2.3. Wound Healing 136
4. Approaches of Postharvest Disease Control 137
4.1. High-CO Treatment 137
2
4.2. Heat Treatment 138
4.3. Chemical Fungicides 138
4.4. Biological Control 138
4.5. Induced Resistance 141
References 144

6 - Integrated Approaches for Carrot Pests
and Diseases Management 149
R. M. Davis and J. Nuñez
1. Introduction 149
2. Diseases Caused by Bacteria 151
2.1. Bacterial Leaf Blight 151
2.1.1. Integrated Management of Bacterial Leaf Blight 151
2.2. Scab 152
2.2.1. Integrated Management of Scab 153
2.3. Soft Rot 153
2.3.1. Integrated Management of Soft Rot 154
3. Foliar Diseases Caused by Fungi 154
3.1. Alternaria Leaf Blight 154
3.1.1. Integrated Management of Alternaria Leaf Blight 155
3.2. Cercospora Leaf Blight 156
3.2.1. Integrated Management of Cercospora Leaf Blight 157
3.3. Downy Mildew 157
3.3.1. Integrated Management of Downy Mildew 158
3.4. Powdery Mildew 158
3.4.1. Integrated Management of Powdery Mildew 159
3.5. Rust 160
3.5.1. Integrated Management of Rust 160
4. Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Fungi 161
4.1. Black Rot 161
4.1.1. Integrated Management of Black Rot 162
4.2. Cavity Spot 162
4.2.1. Integrated Management of Cavity Spot 163
4.3. Cottony Rot 164
4.3.1. Integrated Management of Cottony Rot 165
CONTENTS ix

4.4. Crown Rot 165
4.4.1. Integrated Management of Crown Rot 166
4.5. Damping-off 166
4.5.1. Integrated Management of Damping-off 167
4.6. Itersonilia Canker 168
4.6.1. Integrated Management of Itersonilia Canker 168
4.7. Phytophthora Root Rot 168
4.7.1. Integrated Management of Phytophthora Root Rot 169
4.8. Root Dieback 169
4.8.1. Integrated Management of Root Dieback 170
4.9. Southern Blight 170
4.9.1. Integrated Management of Southern Blight 171
4.10. Violet Root Rot 171
4.10.1. Integrated Management of Violet Root Rot 172
5. Postharvest Diseases 172
5.1. Black Root Rot 172
5.1.1. Integrated Management of Black Root Rot 173
5.2. Crater Rot 174
5.2.1. Integrated Management of Crater Rot 174
5.3. Licorice Rot 174
5.3.1. Integrated Management of Licorice Rot 175
6. Diseases Caused by Viruses and Phytoplasmas 175
6.1. Carrot Motley Dwarf 175
6.1.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Motley Dwarf 177
6.2. Carrot Thin-leaf 177
6.2.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Thin-leaf 177
6.3. Carrot Virus Y 178
6.3.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Virus Y 178
6.4. Aster Yellows and BLTVA (Beet Leafhopper-transmitted
Virescence Agent) Yellows 178
6.4.1. Integrated Management of Aster Yellows and BLTVA 180
7. Diseases Caused by Nematodes 181
7.1. Cyst Nematodes 181
7.1.1. Integrated Management of Cyst Nematodes 181
7.2. Root-knot Nematodes 182
7.2.1. Integrated Management of Root-knot Nematodes 183
8. Conclusions 184
References 184

Section 2 - Emerging Technologies in IPM/IDM

7 - Integrated Agricultural Pest Management through Remote
Sensing and Spatial Analyses 191
M. Kelly and Q. Guo
1. Introduction 191
2. Remote Sensing 194
x CONTENTS
3. Spatial Analysis 198
4. Remaining Challenges 200
5. Conclusions 202
References 203

8 - Applications of Information Technology in IPM 209
Y. Xia, R. Magarey, K. Suiter and R. Stinner
1. Introduction 209
2. IT and Pest Management 209
3. The World Wide Web and Database Technology: Applications
in Pest Management 211
3.1. The World Wide Web 211
3.2. Database Technology 212
3.3. Applications of the Web and Database in IPM 213
4. Web Services and their Applications in Pest Management 214
4.1. The Role of Web Services in Data Sharing 214
4.2. Web Services and their Role in IPM 215
4.2.1. Consumer/Provider Interoperability
via Web Services 215
4.2.2. Web Services Registries and their Impact on IPM 216
5. The IT Role and Impact on Defence 217
6. Using IT as IPM Decision Support System 218
6.1. What is a Decision Support System? 218
6.1.1. Data Collection 219
6.1.2. Analysis 220
6.1.3. Interpretation 221
6.1.4. Delivery 222
6.2. Limitations and Future Development 224
References 225

9 - Biology and Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis in Integrated
Pest Management 227
N. Arora, N. Agrawal, V. Yerramilli and R. K. Bhatnagar
1. Introduction 227
2. Ecology and Prevalence 228
3. Evolution 229
4. Classification and Nomenclature 229
5. Structure and Function 230
6. PCR Screening 231
7. Mechanism of Action 231
8. Applications 232
8.1. Control of Mosquitoes and Blackflies 232
8.2. Formulations 233
8.3. Bt-Transgenics 234
9. Development of Resistance and its Management 235
9.1. Resistance Management 236
CONTENTS xi

10. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 237
11. Conclusions 238
References 239

10 - Mycorrhizae in the Integrated Pest and Disease Management 245
K. G. Mukerji and A. Ciancio
1. Introduction 245
2. Ectomycorrizae 246
3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae 248
3.1. Mycorrhizosphere 250
3.2. Impact of Biocontrol Agents on AM Formation and
Disease Control 252
4. Soil and Root Borne Diseases 253
5. Leaf Pathogens 255
6. Plant Parasitic Nematodes 256
7. Conclusions 258
References 258

Section 3 - Molecular Aspects in IPM/IDM

11 - Integrated Management of Insect Borne Viruses by Means
of Transmission Interference as an Alternative to Pesticides 269
L. Fernández-Calvino, D. López-Abella and J. J. López-Moya
1. Introduction 269
2. Modes of Transmission 270
2.1. Non-circulative Transmission 273
2.2. Circulative Transmission 275
3. Practices to Control Vectors and Virus Spread 277
3.1. Use of Insecticides in Virus Control: Drawbacks 277
3.2. Alternative Control Strategies 278
4. Interference with Transmission 280
4.1. Interference with the Insect 280
4.2. Virus Specific Receptors in Insects 283
5. Prospects 284
6. Conclusions 285
References 286

12 - Novel Tensio-active Microbial Compounds
for Biocontrol Application 295
M. Kulkarni, R. Chaudhari and A. Chaudhari
1. Introduction 295
2. Biosurfactants 295
3. Rhamnolipids 296
3.1. Structure of Rhamnolipids 297
3.2. PhysiologicalR oleo fR hamnolipids 298
4. Microbial Production of Rhamnolipids 298