Table Of ContentSTUDIES IN DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
GENERAL EDITORS: Donna Lee and Paul Sharp
GENDERING
DIPLOMACY AND
INTERNATIONAL
NEGOTIATION
Edited by Karin Aggestam
and Ann E. Towns
Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations
Series editors
Donna Lee
International Organisations and
International Political Economy
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK
Paul Sharp
Alworth Institute for International Studies
University of Minnesota
Duluth, MN, USA
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/14471
Karin Aggestam • Ann E. Towns
Editors
Gendering Diplomacy
and International
Negotiation
Editors
Karin Aggestam Ann E. Towns
Department of Political Science Department of Political Science
Lund University University of Gothenburg
Lund, Sweden Gothenburg, Sweden
Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations
ISBN 978-3-319-58681-6 ISBN 978-3-319-58682-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58682-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947201
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C
ontents
1 Introduction: The Study of Gender, Diplomacy
and Negotiation 1
Karin Aggestam and Ann E. Towns
Part I Gender in the Foreign Service 23
2 Where Are the Female Ambassadors? Gender and
Status Hierarchies in Ambassador Postings 25
Ann E. Towns and Birgitta Niklasson
3 The Taking of Foggy Bottom? Representation in
US Diplomacy 45
Sylvia Bashevkin
4 The Swedish MFA: Ready to Live Up to Expectations? 65
Birgitta Niklasson and Felicia Robertson
5 Women and Gender in Turkish Diplomacy: Historical
Legacies and Current Patterns 87
Bahar Rumelili and Rahime Suleymanoglu-Kurum
v
vi CONTENTS
6 Brazilian Female Diplomats and the Struggle for
Gender Equality 107
Rogério de Souza Farias and Gessica Fernanda do Carmo
7 Women in Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs 125
Petrice R. Flowers
Part II Gender in International Negotiation 147
8 Where Are the Women in Peace Mediation? 149
Karin Aggestam and Isak Svensson
9 Women in Peace Negotiations 169
Thania Paffenholz
10 Diplomacy as Crisis: An Institutional Analysis of
Gender and the Failure to Negotiate Peace in Israel 193
Sarai B. Aharoni
11 Descriptive Representation and Negotiation:
Gender Balance in the Committees of the
Council of the European Union 213
Daniel Naurin and Elin Naurin
12 Negotiations at the UN: The Case of UN Security
Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace
and Security 239
Torunn L. Tryggestad
13 East–West Negotiations 259
Erika Svedberg
CONTENT S vii
14 Conclusion: The Quest for Gender Justice in
Diplomacy 277
Karin Aggestam and Ann E. Towns
Index 295
L f
ist of igures
Fig. 2.1 Share of women (%) of different regions’ ambassador
appointments (Note: The number of cases for the regions
are North America = 317, South America = 457, Nordic
countries = 347, Europe = 1696, Middle East = 565,
Africa = 247, Asia = 1020, and Oceania = 81.) 30
Fig. 2.2 Share of women (%) of the ambassadors received by different
regions (Note: The number of cases for the regions are North
America = 368, South America = 312, Nordic countries = 171,
Europe = 1233, Middle East = 446, Africa = 926, Asia = 839,
and Oceania = 111. For information on the classification of
countries into regions, see the Appendix.) 31
Fig. 2.3 Share of female ambassadors in receiving countries of
different GDP and military rank (Note: the average of
female ambassadors equals 15%.) 38
Fig. 4.1 Share of women at leading positions in Swedish diplomacy
1971–2014. Note: The total number of employees for the
different years are 1971: 404, 1980: 628, 1985: 695,
1995: 807, 2005: 1080, 2014: 1038. The reason why the
share of female ambassadors is lower than in Towns and
Niklasson (Chap. 1) is because (1) the data for that study
were collected earlier (in January 2014) and (2) that analysis
only includes ambassadors who are posted at foreign embassies,
not those who are based in Stockholm 73
Fig. 6.1 Position of female and male Brazilian diplomats who entered
the service between 1954 and 2010 in the career structure
at the moment of death in duty, retirement or dismissal 118
ix
x LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 6.2 Career duration in months for female and male diplomats
who entered the organisation between 1954 and 2010 and
already severed their employment relationship with Itamaraty 119
Fig. 7.1 Number of men and women to sit for MOFA career track
exam 1948–2000 131
Fig. 7.2 Number of men and women to pass exam for MOFA career
track 1948–2000 131
Fig. 7.3 Men and women in Japan’s Foreign Service 1975–2014 133
Fig. 7.4 Men and women in Japan’s UN delegations 1975–2014 142
Fig. 7.5 Percentage of women among regular Japanese diplomats
and in UN delegation 1975–2014 143
Fig. 8.1 Number of women mediators 1991–2014 155
Fig. 8.2 Background of mediator 156
Fig. 8.3 Mediation and regional context 159
Fig. 11.1 Share of women in council committees and working groups
2003–2015. Note: Mean share of women over the five
points in time 221
Fig. 11.2 Share of women representing different member states in
the Council committees and working groups. Note: Mean
share of women over the five points in time: 2003, 2006,
2009, 2012, 2015 223
Fig. 11.3 The relationship between years of EU membership and
share of women representatives in the Council committees
and working groups 224
Fig. 11.4 Share of women in new and old member states 2003–2015.
Note: Old member states refer to those states that became
members before 2004 225
Fig. 11.5 The relationship between the share of women in the Council
committees and working groups and domestic indicators of
gender equality 226
Fig. 11.6 Gender balance in different policy fields 227
Fig. 11.7 Gender representation at different hierarchical levels 229
Fig. 11.8 The impact of length of EU membership on the share of
female representatives (predicted probabilities). Note:
Predicted probabilities based on the model in Table 11.1,
with all other variables held at their means. Bars indicate
95% confidence intervals 231
