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Gender Testing in Sport
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a After the young South African athlete Caster Semenya won the 800m title at the
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2009 World Championships she was obliged to undergo gender testing and was
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1 withdrawn, for a time, from international competition. The way that the different
6 stakeholders embraced this controversy represents a rich, multi-layered example
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0: of the construction of gender in wider society and the interrelationships between
0 sport, culture and the media. This is the first book to explore the case in depth,
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a from socio-cultural, ethical and legal perspectives.
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o Analysing what came to be called “the Caster Semenya Case” in a comprehen-
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e sive and multi-disciplinary fashion, and covering issues from media discourses
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and the rhetoric and regulations of the sport’s governing bodies to the reaction
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a of the athlete herself to this harsh experience, the book explores in depth, beyond
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her own circumstances, the ethics of how gender norms in sport, and in society
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ia more generally, are constructed through appearance, behaviour and sporting per-
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r formance. This 2009 controversy can be taken as an indicator of the tensions of
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f her time, and served as a link beetween medical sciences, society and gender.
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a Including discussion of key concepts such as “intersex”, “body norms” and
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f “fairness”, Gender Testing in Sport is fascinating and important reading for any-
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y body with an interest in sport studies, gender studies or biomedical ethics.
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s Sandy Montañola is a Senior Lecturer in Communication and Media Studies at
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ve the University of Rennes 1 (Centre for Research on Political Action in Europe)
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n and supervisor of a journalism degree (IUT, Lannion, France). She has a special
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interest in the connection between medicine, gender and media coverage from
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y social representation to their impact in the public arena. She currently works on
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d two projects about the media coverage of scientists’ discourse and bodily norms
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d (especially in intersex and childbirth), and the place of journalists in the represen-
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o tation of diversity.
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w Aurélie Olivesi is a Senior Lecturer in Communication and Media Studies at
o Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. Her research fields are the analysis of media
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discourse (in printed press and internet forums) and the study of how gender in the
political field is represented in the media. She has published a monograph about
the 2007 French presidential election: Implicitement Sexiste? Genre, politique et
discours journalistique. She has a special interest in the representation of gender
perturbation in the media, and in the lay discourse about gender issues published
in the media.
Ethics and Sport
Series editors
Mike McNamee
University of Wales, Swansea
Jim Parry
University of Leeds
The Ethics and Sport series aims to encourage critical reflection on the prac-
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1 tice of sport, and to stimulate professional evaluation and development. Each
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2 volume explores new work relating to philosophical ethics and the social and
y cultural study of ethical issues. Each is different in scope, appeal, focus and
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treatment but a balance is sought between local and international focus,
6 perennial and contemporary issues, level of audience, teaching and research
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6 application, and variety of practical concerns.
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: Also available in this series:
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D Ethics and Sport Genetically Modified Athletes
n Edited by Mike McNamee and Jim Parry Biomedical ethics, gene doping
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S and sport
a, Values in Sport Andy Miah
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n Elitism, nationalism, gender equality
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o and the scientific manufacture of Human Rights in Youth Sport
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li winners A critical review of children’s rights
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C Edited by Torbjörn Tännsjö and in competitive sports
of Claudio Tamburrini Paulo David
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i Spoilsports Genetic Technology and Sport
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er Understanding and preventing Ethical questions
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i sexual exploitation in sport Edited by Claudio Tamburrini and
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U Celia Brackenridge Torbjörn Tännsjö
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b Fair Play in Sport Pain and Injury in Sport
d A moral norm system Social and ethical analysis
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d Sigmund Loland Edited by Sigmund Loland, Berit
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o Skirstad and Ivan Waddington
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n Sport, Rules and Values
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o Philosophical investigations into Ethics, Money and Sport
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the nature of sport This sporting Mammon
Graham McFee Adrian Walsh and Richard Giulianotti
Sport, Professionalism and Pain Ethics, Dis/Ability and Sports
Ethnographies of injury and risk Edited by Ejgil Jespersen and
David Howe Michael McNamee
The Ethics of Doping and Anti-Doping Phenomenological Approaches to Sport
Redeeming the Soul of Sport? Edited by Irena Martinková and
Verner Møller Jim Parry
The Ethics of Sport Medicine Olympic Legacies
Edited by Claudio Tamburrini and Edited by Mike McNamee and Jim Parry
Torbjörn Tännsjö
Sport and Art
Bodily Democracy An Essay in the Hermeneutics of Sport
7 Towards a Philosophy of Sport for All Andrew Edgar
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0 Henning Eichberg
2 Dispute Resolution in Sport
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a Ethics, Knowledge and Truth in Athletes, Law and Arbitration
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Sports Research David McArdle
6 An Epistemology of Sport
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6 Graham McFee Philosophy and the Martial Arts
2 Engagement
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0 Exercise and Eating Disorders Edited by Graham Priest and
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t An Ethical and Legal Analysis Damon Young
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] Simona Giordano
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g Talent Development, Existential
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i The Ethics of Sports Coaching Philosophy and Sport
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Edited by Alun Hardman and On Becoming an Elite Athlete
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a Carwyn Jones Kenneth Aggerholm
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a, Athletics and Philosophy in the On Sport and the Philosophy of Sport
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r Ancient World A Wittgensteinian Approach
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f Contests of Virtue Graham McFee
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al Heather L. Reid
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Phenomenology and Pedagogy in
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o Doping and Anti-Doping Policy in Sport Physical Education
y Ethical, Legal and Social Perspectives Knowledge, Experience and Ethics
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s Edited by Mike McNamee and Øyvind Standal
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ve Verner Møller
ni Gender Testing in Sport
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Watching Sport: Ethics, Cases and Controversies
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y Aesthetics, Ethics and Emotion for Edited by Sandy Montañola and
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d the Spectator Aurélie Olivesi
e Stephen Mumford
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Gender Testing in Sport
Ethics, cases and controversies
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at Edited by Sandy Montañola and
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g Aurélie Olivesi
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First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 S. Montañola and A. Olivesi
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1 The right of S. Montañola and A. Olivesi to be identified as the authors
0 of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters,
2
y has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
a Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
6 utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
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6 known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
2 any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
0: from the publishers.
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t Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
a registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation
o] without intent to infringe.
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e British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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D A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
n Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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S Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Montaänola,
a, Sandy.Title: Gender, sport and ethics : the case of Caster Semenya / edited by
i Sandy Montanola and Aurelie Olivesi.Description: New York : Routledge,
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r 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN
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f 2015033992| ISBN 9781138852914 (Hardback) | ISBN 9781315723150
i
l (eBook)Subjects: LCSH: Sports--Sociological aspects. | Gender identity. |
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C Intersexuality. | Sports--Moral and ethical aspects. | Semenya, Caster, 1991- |
f Women track and field athletes--South Africa.Classification: LCC GV706.5 .
o
y G494 2016 | DDC 306.4/83--dc23LC record available at http://lccn.loc.
t gov/2015033992
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s
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e ISBN: 978-1-138-85291-4 (hbk)
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i ISBN: 978-1-315-72315-0 (ebk)
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[ Typeset in Times
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Contents
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Acknowledgements ix
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1 List of contributors x
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0 Introduction 1
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] SANDY MONTAÑOLA AND AURÉLIE OLIVESI
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i 1 From Apartheid to segregation in sports: the transgressive
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n body of Caster Mokgadi Semenya 13
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S PHILIPPE LIOTARD
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r 2 Gender verifications vs. anti-doping policies: sexed controls 27
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li ANAÏS BOHUON AND EVA RODRIGUEZ
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f 3 Unfair advantage and the myth of the level playing field
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y in IAAF and IOC policies on hyperandrogenism: when
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s is it fair to be a woman? 46
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v SILVIA CAMPORESI AND PAOLO MAUGERI
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y [ 4 Categorizing and attributing the sex of individuals: history
b of the science, law and ethics 60
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de LAURENCE BRUNET AND MURIEL SALLE
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nl 5 From the implicit to aporia: the specificities of the Caster
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o Semenya case as a “discursive moment” 89
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AURÉLIE OLIVESI
6 Caster Semenya and the intersex hypothesis: on gender
as the visual evidence of sex 101
FABIEN ROSE
7 From sports to science, rhetorical and power issues in the
media coverage of Caster Semenya 118
SANDY MONTAÑOLA
8 “Caster Semenya – the ancients would have called her god”
the international re-imagining and remaking of sex and the
art of silence 150
7 ELAINE SALO
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2 9 Gender, silence, and a queer new world: Caster Semenya
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a and unfixed ambiguity 168
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6 JOHN SLOOP
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2 Afterword 181
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0 SILVIA CAMPORESI
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g Index 190
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Acknowledgements
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We would first like to thank our fellow contributors for the quality of this
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1 collective, international and interdisciplinary body of work both during our
6 study days in Lyon and while we were editing the manuscript, as we were all
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0: scattered in different places. Each participant complied with specific demands,
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t thus bringing a sense of unity and complementarity to each one’s expertise.
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] We are especially grateful to Silvia Camporesi who supported us throughout
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g the publication process and who agreed to bring some perspective to this col-
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i lective work by signing the afterword and by proofreading our writing.
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n We thank our research laboratories, CRAPE (the Centre for Research
Sa on Political Action in Europe, Rennes 1) and ELICO (the Research Team in
a, Information and Communication Science, Lyon) for their support. We are
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n also extremely grateful to the French National Olympic Academy. By giving
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o us a grant, they allowed us to have genuine scientific freedom when organizing
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al study days. We also thank Arnaud Richard, who was involved in organizing
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these meetings. Thanks to all who agreed to answer our interview requests.
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o We extend our thanks to our colleagues from Lannion and Lyon who
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t listened to us discuss the project extensively, who supported us and comple-
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r mented our work with their precious comments.
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v We would like to thank Mike McNamee, editor of the Ethics and Sports
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U Series and Simon Whitmore, Publisher for Sport and Leisure, for their advice,
y [ their faith in the project and their unfaltering support.
b Our gratitude goes to William Bailey, Editorial Assistant for the Sport and
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e Leisure collection, who provided us with constant help and advice and who
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a showed incredible amounts of patience throughout the editing process of the
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l manuscript.
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w We would like to thank Carrie Baker, Production Editor at GreenGate
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D Publishing, for her support throughout the production process. Many thanks
also to Catriona Robb who read and made extensive comments on the manu-
script, providing invaluable assistance.
Our gratitude goes to both of our translators, Anne Losq and Sylvie Vert,
who followed this project from the beginning, and worked to tight deadlines
with flawless professionalism.
Finally, we both thank our families and, especially, Bertrand, Charles,
Antoine and Calypso, for their patience and support.
