Table Of ContentEG
dE
i
teN
dD
bE
y
PR
au A
liN
naD
B L
arG
c
zB
y
sT
zQ
y
n
-I
MS
aS
dU
z
iaE
rS
z
a I
nN
d
P E
rzL Routledge Studies in Gender, Sexuality and Politics
eE
m
C
y
sT
łaI
wO
Ż N GENDER AND LGBTQ ISSUES
uk P
ieR
wO
icC
z IN ELECTION PROCESSES
E
S
S
E
S
GLOBAL AND LOCAL CONTEXTS
Edited by Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz
and Przemysław ukiewicz
Ż
Gender and LGBTQ Issues
in Election Processes
This book looks at issues on gender and LGBTQ matters in political elections in
both institutional and communication contexts.
Examining wins and losses in elections and assessing accountabilities in those
results, this broad and international collection analyses how the issue of gender and
LGBTQ identity is both factored into, and determines electoral success, not only
in consolidated democracies such as the United States, New Zealand, and Norway
but also in a country facing an undemocratic turn such as Poland. Does raising the
subject of gender and LGBTQ issues affect electoral processes? Are there coun-
tries where gender and LGBTQ issues are more likely to be instrumentalised in
the electoral process? Can common patterns between countries be detected? This
book seeks to answer these questions and centre gendered issues through a range
of topics including party loyalty, voter participation, gendered media coverage, and
discourses on electoral defeat, and leadership.
This book is suitable for students and scholars in LGBTQ Studies, Politics,
Social Sciences, and Gender Studies.
Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Political
Sciences, University of Wrocław (Poland). She graduated in political science and
economics. She received her PhD in social sciences. Her dissertation was awarded
a distinction. She participated in several international research projects funded
by the European Union (European Commission 7th Framework Programme,
Erasmus+ Programme) and the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies.
Her research interests focus mainly on political communication. She is a member
of the Polish Communication Association as well as the Polish Political Science
Association.
Przemysław Z˙ ukiewicz is a Professor of Comparative Politics and head of the Data
and Social Networks Lab at the Institute of Political Science, University of Wrocław
(Poland). His focus is on political leadership, political communication, and social net-
works. He conducted research projects funded by the European Union, the National
Science Centre, the Ministry of Science, and the International Visegrad Fund. He made
research and gave guest lectures at many foreign universities. He was awarded in pres-
tigious Polish competitions (including the best doctoral thesis defended in political
science and the political science book of the year). He is a founder and co-chair of the
gender and queer politics section of the Polish Political Science Association.
Routledge Studies in Gender, Sexuality and Politics
LGBTI Politics and Value Change in Ukraine and Turkey
Exporting Europe?
Maryna Shevtsova
Anti-Gender Politics in the Populist Moment
Agnieszka Graff and Elżbieta Korolczuk
Gender and LGBTQ Issues in Election Processes
Global and Local Contexts
Edited by Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz and Przemysław Żukiewicz
https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-in-Gender-Sexuality-and-
Politics/book-series/SGSP
Gender and LGBTQ Issues
in Election Processes
Global and Local Contexts
Edited by
Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz
and Przemysław ukiewicz
Ż
First published 2022
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz
and Przemysław Żukiewicz; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Paulina Barczyszyn-Madziarz and Przemysław Żukiewicz
to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-1-032-06901-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-06902-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-20441-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003204411
Typeset in Sabon
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
List of contributors xi
Introduction: Between global and local contexts
of research on gender and LGBTQ issues and elections 1
PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ AND PAULINA BARCZYSZYN-MADZIARZ
PART I
Global Context 17
1 Gender of electoral defeat in the narrative of political
parties in Poland, Belgium, and the United Kingdom 19
ANNA PACZEŚNIAK
2 Gender and post-election intraparliamentary volatility
in East Central Europe: The cases of the Czech,
Lithuanian, and Polish parliaments 38
PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ
3 The correlation between women’s participation
in the electoral process and the role of woman in the family 58
MAGDALENA TOMALA AND MARYANA PROKOP
4 Gender and race in American presidential campaign
spots in 1952–2020 77
TOMASZ PŁUDOWSKI
5 Beyond dichotomous gender stereotyping: An analysis
of global news coverage of Jacinda Ardern’s leadership 95
PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ AND LAURA PIEL MARTÍN
vi Contents
PART II
Local Contexts in the Comparative
and Cross-cultural Perspectives 113
6 Sociocultural values as determinants of women’s
political participation in Ghana 115
CORNELIA AMEYO NYADROH
7 At the meeting point of cultures: Gender issues
from the perspective of electoral processes from
the example of the Belarusian minority in Poland 135
AGNIESZKA KASIŃSKA-METRYKA
8 Discourse on LGBTQ issues in the Polish presidential
campaign (2020): The perception of the LGBTQ
community and foreign media 151
PAULINA BARCZYSZYN-MADZIARZ AND RÓŻA NORSTRÖM
9 The context of gender in the presidential election
campaigns in Poland (2015–2020) 167
AGATA WŁODKOWSKA AND JOANNA GAJDA
10 A rainbow election? The LGBTQ component
of local elections in Norway in 2019: A case study
of the Tromsø municipality 187
SYLWIA HLEBOWICZ
11 Women in political thought and activities of the centrist
agrarian party: The case of the Polish People’s Party 205
RADOSŁAW KUBICKI
12 Gendering political science in Poland: Between elections
to scientific bodies and feminist action in the public sphere 222
EDYTA B. PIETRZAK
Conclusions: Interrelation between global and local
contexts of gender and LGBTQ issues in elections 239
PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ AND PAULINA BARCZYSZYN-MADZIARZ
Index 247
Figures
2.1 Tendency towards minimalising gender gap in the
Czech, Lithuanian, and Polish parliamentarian arenas 49
2.2 Gender share in total number of party-switchers
and total number of parliamentarians 51
2.3 Gender share in total number of MPs who lost their
mandates (abandoners) and total number
of parliamentarians 52
2.4 Reasons for the mandate expirations of male
MPs (n = 206) 53
2.5 Reasons for the mandate expirations of female MPs (n = 51) 53
3.1 Political empowerment in 2006–2019 63
3.2 Groups of countries in terms of quota system 64
3.3 Political empowerment in groups of countries
in terms of applied quota systems 65
3.4 Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliaments (%) 66
3.5 Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliaments (%) 67
3.6a Correlation between the “mean age of women
at birth of first child” and “political empowerment” (2020) 68
3.6b Correlation between the “average number of children
per woman” and “political empowerment” (2020) 69
3.6c Correlation between “women’s unmet demand
for family planning as percentage of women aged
15–49” and “political empowerment” (2020) 70
3.6d Correlation between “child marriage as percentage
of women aged 15–19” and “political empowerment” 70
5.1 Google Trends – term “Jacinda Ardern” worldwide 99
10.1 The evolution of LGBTQ rights in Norway 190
10.2 Content analysis data processing 191
10.3 The outcome of the local election in Tromsø
municipality in 2019 193
10.4 The content analysis of parties’ platform planks 200
Tables
1.1 Political parties included in the study with their electoral
results and political status 22
1.2 List of individual in-depth interviews (IDIs) 35
2.1 Types and numbers of elections held during the
parliamentary term. 45
2.2 Number of parliamentary mandates – de iure vs. de facto 47
2.3 Gender gap in the Czech, Lithuanian, and Polish
parliamentarian arenas 48
2.4 Structure of MPs’ party switching 50
2.5 Changes in the size of parliamentary groups during
the individual parliamentary terms 51
3.1 The Global Gender Gap Reports 74
5.1 Number of items analysed 101
5.2 Coding scheme 101
5.3 Descriptors of Ardern’s style of leadership 103
5.4 Frequency of the descriptors 104
5.5 Ratio of descriptors to articles 104
5.6 Ardern’s responses to masculine frame – Normalisation
strategies 106
5.7 Ardern’s responses to masculine frame –
Words of Reassurance strategies 107
5.8 Ardern’s responses to masculine-frame –
Rejection of the Premise strategies 108
6.1 List of female parliamentarians and summary
of emerging themes 122
7.1 National minorities in Podlasie in 2011 136
7.2 The 2019 parliamentary election results in Podlasie 143
8.1 The main topic of the material 156
8.2 The dominant (D) and the secondary (S) actor
and its perspective (in %) 157
8.3 Attitude of the candidates towards the LGBTQ
community 158
Tables ix
8.4 Sociopolitical polarisation 159
8.5 In what elections have you voted in the last five years? 160
8.6 How did politicians talk about the LGBTQ community
during the campaign? 161
8.7 Which of the candidates used a discriminatory narrative? 161
8.8 What was the role of the media during the campaign? 162
9.1 Words differentiating the 2015 and 2020 campaign
material 175
9.2 Collocations of nouns connected by a conjunction
in the 2015 and 2020 programmes 177
9.3 Collocations in the 2015 and 2020 presidential debates 178
10.1 Coding of meaning units of the AP Party plank 194
10.2 Coding of meaning units of the SV Party plank 195
10.3 Coding of meaning units of the Conservative
Party (H) plank 197
10.4 Coding of meaning units of the SP Party plank 198
11.1 The occurrence of words indicating the feminine
gender in the statute and selected programme
documents of the PSL 208
11.2 The occurrence of words indicating the feminine
gender in the election programmes of the
PSL in 1991–2019 209
11.3 The occurrence of words indicating the feminine
gender in the election programmes of the parliamentary
elections in 2019 211
11.4 The occurrence of words indicating the female gender
in the election programmes of the candidates in the
first round of the presidential elections in 2020 212
11.5 The number of candidates by gender and the effectiveness
of women holding the first on the electoral lists
of the PSL in the elections to the Sejm in 2001–2019 214
11.6 Maximum number of women in parliamentary clubs
of the PSL in individual terms of the Sejm 215
11.7 Parliamentary group affiliation of female deputies
in the Sejm as of June 1, 2021 215
11.8 The share of women in the governing positions
of clubs and circles in the Sejm as of June 1, 2021 216
11.9 The number of women associated with the PSL
in individual terms of the Senate 217
12.1 Women political scientists in positions of authority
at universities, departments, and institutes 228
12.2 Elections for positions in the Council of Scientific
Excellence in selected disciplines related to the social
sciences (2019) 229
