Table Of Contentc
GATEWAYS TO ART
priated by TreeHunterBooks
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
(cid:127) (cid:127)
Debra J. DeWitte Ralph M. Larmann M. Kathryn Shields
Understanding the Visual Arts
With 1013illustrations,865incolor
Thames Hudson
&
priated by TreeHunterBooks
II
GatewaystoAitcopyrightS2012Thames&Hudson
Textcopyrights2012DebraJ.DeWitte,RalphM.Larmann andM.KathrynShields
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmitted
inanyformor byanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,
recordingoranyotherinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutprior
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Firstpublishedin2012inpaperbackinthe UnitedStatesofAmericaby
Thames&HudsonInc,500FifthAvenue,NewYork,NewYork 10110
thamesandhudsonusa.com
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber2011922637
ISBN978-0-500-28956-3
ISBN 978-0-500-77041-2Ipdfebook)
DesignedbyGeoffPenna
PrintedandboundinChinabyC&COffsetPrintingLtd
FRONTCOVER
HenriMatisse, Icarus,PlateVIIIfrom Jazz, 1943-47.The MuseumofModernArt,NewYork.
The LouisE.SternCollection.930.1964.8.Digitalimage,TheMuseumof ModernArt,NewYork/Seala,Floience.
SSuccessionH.Matisse/DACS2012
BACKCOVER
Above,lefttoright:
KatsushikaHokusai,'TheGreatWaveoffShoreatKanagawa,"from Thirty-SixViewsofMountFuji,
1826-33(printedlater).Libraryof Congress,Washington,D.C.
ArtemisiaGentileschi, JudithDecapitatingHolofernesc.1620.UfftziGallery,Florence
Raphael, TheSchoolofAthens,1510-11.StanzadellaSegnatura,VaticanCity
DorotheaLange, MigrantMother,Nipomo,California,1936.LibraryofCongressWashington,D.C.
The GreatPyramidcfKhufu,Giza, c.2,500BC.PhotoHeidiGrassleySThames&HudsonLtd,London
FranciscoCeGoya, TheThirdofMay,18081814.MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid
Below:
ColossalHead,Olmec,Basalt,1500-1300BCE.MuseodeAntropologia,Veracruz,Mexico.
PhotoIrmgardGroth-KimballSThames&HudsonLtd,London
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
Contents
HowtoUse GatewaystoArt: Understandingthe VisualArts 13
GatewayFeaturesfor GatewaystoArt 16
Introduction 26 What IsArt? 26
Where IsArt? 29
WhoMakesArt? 30
TheValueof Art 36
Censorshipof Art 39
Why Do WeStudy Art? 61
FEATURES:
RobertWittman;What IstheValueof anArtwork? 36
Tracy Chevalier:Art Inspiresa Noveland a Movie 38
j
PART1FUNDAMENTALS 66
Chapter 1.1 Line 66
ArtinTwo Shape 57
Dimensions:Line, Contrast 58
Shape,andthe Conclusion 61
Principleof FEATURE:
Contrast 66 Gatewayto Art;Goya.77?e ThirdofMay. 1808: UsingLineto GuidetheViewer's Eye 56
Chapter 1.2 Form 62
Three-Dimensional ForminReliefand intheRound 66
Art:Form,Volume, Volume 68
Mass,and Texture 62 Mass 70
Texture 72
Conclusion 75
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art:The Great Pyramidof Khufu:The Importanceof Geometric Form 66
Gateway to Art: ColossalOlmec Heads: Massand Power 70
TheGuggenheim Museum,Bilbao 76
Chapter 1.3 Value 77
ImpliedDepth:Value Space 80
andSpace 76 Perspective 86
Conclusion 91
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
FEATURES:
Gateway to Art; Hokusai. "The Great Wave offShore at Kanagawa";Methodsfor Implying
Depth 8i
Gatewayto Art; Raphael. The SchoolofAthens: PerspectiveandtheIllusionof Depth 89
Chapter 1.4 LightandColor 92
Color 92 Dimensionsof Color 93
ColorSchemes 96
Our Perceptionsof Color 99
ColorinDesign 101
ColorandtheBrain 103
Conclusion 105
FEATURE:
Gatewayto Art; Matisse.Icarus.TheArtist's FascinationwithColor 97
Chapter 1.5 Time 106
TimeandMotion 106 Motion 108
NaturalProcessesandthePassageof Time 115
Conclusion 115
FEATURE:
Gatewayto Art; Lange.MigrantMother-.TimeandMotioninPhotography m
Chapter 1.6 Unity 116
Unity,Variety,and Variety 122
Balance 116 Balance 126
Conclusion 127
FEATURE:
Gateway to Art; Hokusai, "The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa":A Masterpieceof Unity
andHarmony 117
Chapter 1.7 Scale 128
Scaleand Proportion 131
Proportion 128 Conclusion 135
FEATURE:
Gatewayto Art: Raphael. The SchoolofAthens: Scaleand Proportionina Renaissance
Masterpiece 133
Chapter 1.8 EmphasisandSubordination 136
EmphasisandFocal FocalPoint 138
Point 136 EmphasisandFocalPointinAction 160
Conclusion ui
FEATURE:
Gatewayto Art; Gentileschi.Judith DecapitatingHolofernes:EmphasisUsedtoCreate
Drama 139
Chapter 1.9 Pattern u2
Patternand Rhythm U6
Rhvthm 162 Conclusion 151
V
FEATURE:
Gatewayto Art:Goya.The ThirdofMay. 1808:VisualRhythmintheComposition 150
Chapter 1.10 Content 152
Contentand Modesof Analysis 156
Analvsis 152 ImitationandIndividualStyle 162
4
Conclusion 163
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
I j
PART2 MEDIAANDPROCESSES 164
Chapter2.1 Functionsof Drawing 166
Drawing 166 TheMaterialsof Drawing:DryMedia 169
TheMaterialsof Drawing:Wet Media m
Paper 176
The Drawing Process 177
Conclusion 179
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art;Raphael, The SchoolofAthens: DrawingintheDesignProcess 168
Gatewayto Art;Matisse.Icarus-. Lineand Shape 178
Chapter2.2 Encaustic 180
Painting 180 Tempera 181
Fresco 183
Oil 185
Acrylic 188
Watercolor and Gouache 188
InkPainting 189
Spray Paint andWallArt 190
Conclusion 191
FEATURES:
Melchor Peredo:Fresco Painting Inspired bythe MexicanRevolution m
GatewaytoArt; Ger\t\[escW\Judith DecapitatingHolofernes PaintingsasPersonal
Statements 187
Chapter2.3 Contextof Printmaking 192
Printmaking 192 ReliefPrintmaking 193
IntaglioPrintmaking 195
PlanographicPrintmaking 199
Editions 202
Monotypesand Monoprints 202
Conclusion 203
FEATURES:
Gateway to Art; Hokusai, "The Great Wave off Shoreat Kanagawa";UsingtheWoodblock
PrintingMethod 195
Gatewayto Art;Goya.The Thirdof May. 1808: PrintsasArt andas
CreativeTools 198
Chapter2.4 The Early Historyof GraphicArts 204
Visual GraphicDesign 206
Communication Layout Design 210
Design 204 Web Design 211
Conclusion 211
Chapter2.5 Recording the Image 212
Photography 212 TheHistoryof Photography 212
Photographic Genres 215
Photojournalism 219
TheArt of Photography 221
Conclusion 227
FEATURES:
Diagramof Film PhotographyDarkroom 215
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
Gatewayto Art: Lange,MigrantMother.HowthePhotographWas Shot 216
Steve McCurry: HowaPhotographerCapturesaMoment 220
Chapter2.6 Moving Images before Film 228
Film/Videoand Silent and Black-and-White Film 230
DigitalArt 228 SoundandColor 231
AnimationandSpecialEffects 232
FilmGenres 235
FilmasArt 236
Conclusion 239
FEATURE:
BillViola: HowDidVideo BecomeArt? 238
Chapter2.7 Contextof Alternative Media 240
Alternative Media PerformanceArt 241
andProcesses 240 ConceptualArt 243
Installationand Environments 246
Conclusion 247
FEATURE:
MelChin:Operation Paydirt/Fundred DollarBillProject 245
Chapter2.8 Ceramics 248
TheTraditionof Glass 253
Craft 248 Metalwork 255
Fiber 256
Wood 258
Conclusion 259
FEATURES:
Hyo-lnKim:Art orCraft:What's the Difference? 249
Gateway to Art: ColossalOlmec Heads:Sculpture inStoneand Clay 251
Faith Ringgold. TarBeach.1988 257
Chapter2.9 Approaches to Three DimensionsinSculpture 260
Sculpture 260 Methodsof Sculpture 263
Light and KineticSculpture 270
Installations 273
Conclusion 273
FEATURES:
Gateway to Art: ColossalOlmec Heads: HowSculptorsMadetheColossalHeads 263
Michelangelo 264
Antony Gormley:AsianField 272
Chapter2.10 TheContext of Architecture 274
Architecture 274 The Engineering and Scienceof Architecture 276
TraditionalConstructionin NaturalMaterials 276
The Emergenceof Modern Materialsand ModernArchitecture 284
Contrasting IdeasinModernArchitecture 289
The Futureof Architecture 291
Conclusion 291
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art:The Great Pyramidof Khufu:MathandEngineering 277
LeCorbusier'sVilla Savoye and Frank LloydWright's Fallingwater 286
ZahaHadid: ABuilding forExciting Events 290
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
PART3 HISTORYANDCONTEXT 292
Chapter3.1 PrehistoricArt inEuropeand the Mediterranean 295
ThePrehistoric Mesopotamia:TheCradleofCivilization 298
andAncient Ancient Egypt 300
Mediterranean 294 Art of Ancient Greece 304
RomanArt 309
DiscussionQuestions 312
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art;The Great Pyramidof Khufu:Belief inthe Afterlife 301
Hieroglyphs 302
Zahi Hawass:TheGoldenMaskof KingTutankhamun 303
ClassicalArchitecturalOrders 306
Sculpture throughout Ancient Greece 308
Chapter3.2 Artof LateAntiquity 315
Artofthe Middle ByzantineArt 318
Ages 314 ManuscriptsandtheMiddleAges 320
PilgrimageintheMiddleAges 322
Symbolism in MedievalChurches 325
TheRiseof theGothic 327
FromtheGothicto Early RenaissanceinItaly 328
DiscussionQuestions 328
FEATURE:
Three Religionsof the MiddleAges 316
Chapter3.3 India 332
Art ofIndia,China, China 336
andJapan 330 Japan 340
DiscussionQuestions 346
FEATURES:
Philosophicaland Religious Traditions inAsia 331
TheThreePerfections:Calligraphy.Painting.Poetry 337
Sonoko Sasaki:Art and TraditioninJapan 341
Japonisme:The Influenceof Ukiyo-eon FrenchArtists 345
Gateway to Art: Hokusai, "The Great Wave off Shoreat Kanagawa";Mount Fuji:TheSacred
MountainofJapan 346
Chapter3.4 TheAmericas: When's the Beginning? 348
Artofthe SouthAmerica 348
Americas 348 Mesoamerica 353
NorthAmerica 359
DiscussionQuestions 362
FEATURES:
HowDo We Know? 349
The Importanceof Wool 352
Gateway to Art: ColossalOlmec Heads:The Discoveryof MonumentalPortraitsat
La Venta354
Chapter3.5 Art of Africa 364
ArtofAfrica andthe African Architecture 368
Pacific Islands 364 Art of thePacificIslands 370
DiscussionQuestions 374
priated by TreeHunterBooks
c
FEATURE:
PaulTacon:AustralianRockArt 371
Chapter3.6 The Early RenaissanceinItaly 377
ArtofRenaissance TheHighRenaissanceinItaly 380
andBaroqueEurope TheRenaissanceinNorthernEurope 384
(1400-1750) 376 Late Renaissance and Mannerism 388
The Baroque 393
DiscussionQuestions 396
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art: Raphael, The SchoolofAthens-. Pastand PresentinthePainting 382
PieterBruegel:A Sampling of Proverbs 386
Depictionsof David 392
Gatewayto Art: Gentileschi.Judith DecapitatingHolofemes:TheInfluenceof Caravaggio 394
Chapter3.7 Rococo 398
ArtofEurope Neoclassicism 403
andAmerica Romanticism 405
(1700-1900) 398 Realism 408
Impressionism 411
Post-lmpressionismandSymbolism 415
Findesiecle andArtNouveau 417
DiscussionQuestions 420
FEATURES:
EuropeanandAmerican Art Academies:Makinga Livingasan Artist 400
Gatewayto Art; Goya,The ThirdofMay, 1808:TheArtist andthe RoyalFamily 406
ModernSculpture:Auguste Rodinand Camille Claudel 414
The Museumsof Paris 419
Chapter3.8 TheRevolutionof ColorandForm 422
Twentiethand Expressionism 427
Twentv-First Dada 429
/
Centuries:TheAge Surrealism 431
ofGlobalArt 422 TheInfluenceof Cubism 433
AbstractExpressionism 437
PopArt 438
Minimalism 441
ConceptualArt 442
Postmodernism,Identity,and Multiculturalism 443
DiscussionQuestions 450
FEATURES:
Gatewayto Art: Matisse.Icarus:CutoutsasFinishedArt 424
GertrudeSteinasan Art Patron 427
ReligionandSymbolismin The Throne 440
Modern and Postmodern Architecture 444
The Complexity of Today's [Art]World 449
PART4 THEMES 452
Chapter4.1 Civic and CeremonialPlaces 454
Artand ManmadeMountains 459
Community 454 Ritual: Performance, Balance,and Healing 464
Art inthe PublicSphere 466
DiscussionQuestions 469
priated by TreeHunterBooks
