Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies: Mechanisms, modelling and future developments

514 Pages·2012·13.274 MB·English

by  Richard P. Gangloff

Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy
technologies
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Gaseous hydrogen
embrittlement of
materials in energy
technologies
Volume 2: Mechanisms, modelling
and future developments
Edited by
Richard P. Gangloff and Brian P. Somerday
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road,
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www.woodheadpublishingindia.com
First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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(see Fig. 9.18 (b)).
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Introduction xv
Part I Mechanisms of hydrogen interactions with metals 1
1 Hydrogen adsorption on the surface of metals 3
A. A. Pisarev, National Research Nuclear University ‘MEPHI’,
Russia
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Adsorption effect 4
1.3 Elementary processes in adsorption 10
1.4 The structure of the H–Me adsorption complex 15
1.5 Kinetic equations and equilibrium 20
1.6 Conclusions 22
1.7 References 23
2 Analysing hydrogen in metals: bulk thermal
desorption spectroscopy (TDS) methods 27
K. verbeken, Ghent University (UGent), Belgium and
Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Germany
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Principle of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)
measurements 28
2.3 Experimental aspects of thermal desorption
spectroscopy (TDS) 31
2.4 Complementary techniques 44
2.5 Conclusion 50
2.6 References 51
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 Analyzing hydrogen in metals: surface techniques 56
P. Trocellier, Centre d’Études de Saclay, France
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Available techniques for analyzing hydrogen 57
3.3 Methods for analyzing hydrogen in metals: basic principles 59
3.4 Applications of hydrogen analysis methods 68
3.5 Ion beam-based methods 79
3.6 Conclusion 84
3.7 References 85
4 Hydrogen diffusion and trapping in metals 89
A. Turnbull, National Physical Laboratory, UK
4.1 Introduction: hydrogen uptake 89
4.2 Solubility of hydrogen in metals 92
4.3 Principles of hydrogen diffusion and trapping 95
4.4 Modelling of hydrogen diffusion and trapping 99
4.5 Measurement of hydrogen diffusion 106
4.6 Hydrogen diffusion data 108
4.7 Conclusions 120
4.8 Acknowledgements 124
4.9 References 124
5 Control of hydrogen embrittlement of metals by
chemical inhibitors and coatings 129
J. H. Holbrook, AmmPower LLC, USA, H. J. cialone, Edison
Welding Institute, USA, E. W. collings, Ohio State University,
USA, E. J. Drauglis and P. M. scoTT, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, USA and M. E. MayfielD, US Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, USA
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 Chemical barriers to hydrogen environment embrittlement
(HEE): gaseous inhibitors 131
5.3 Physical barriers to hydrogen environment embrittlement
(HEE) 148
5.4 Conclusions and future trends 149
5.5 Sources of further information and advice 151
5.6 References 152
6 The role of grain boundaries in hydrogen induced
cracking (HIC) of steels 154
C. J. McMaHon Jr, University of Pennsylvania, USA
6.1 Introduction: modes of cracking 154
6.2 Impurity effects 156
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
6.3 Temper embrittlement and hydrogen 156
6.4 Tempered-martensite embrittlement and hydrogen 160
6.5 Future trends 162
6.6 Conclusions 164
6.7 References 165
7 Influence of hydrogen on the behavior of dislocations 166
i. M. roberTson, M. l. MarTin and J. a. fenske, University
of Illinois, USA
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Dislocation motion 167
7.3 Evidence for hydrogen dislocation interactions 172
7.4 Discussion 195
7.5 Conclusions 199
7.6 Acknowledgements 200
7.7 References 200
Part II Modelling hydrogen embrittlement 207
8 Modeling hydrogen induced damage mechanisms in
metals 209
W. gerbericH, University of Minnesota, USA
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Pros and cons of proposed mechanisms 211
8.3 Evolution of decohesion models 218
8.4 Evolution of shear localization models 230
8.5 Summary 239
8.6 Conclusions 241
8.7 Acknowledgements 242
8.8 References 242
9 Hydrogen effects on the plasticity of face centred
cubic (fcc) crystals 247
D. Delafosse, Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne, France
9.1 Introduction and scope 247
9.2 Study of dynamic interactions and elastic binding by
static strain ageing (SSA) 248
9.3 Modelling in the framework of the elastic theory of
discrete dislocations 257
9.4 Experiments on face centred cubic (fcc) single crystals
oriented for single glide 274
9.5 Review of main conclusions 279
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9.6 Future trends 281
9.7 References 283
10 Continuum mechanics modeling of hydrogen
embrittlement 286
M. R. begley, University of California Santa Barbara, USA,
J. A. begley, TCA Solutions, USA and C. M. lanDis,
The University of Texas at Austin, USA
10.1 Introduction 286
10.2 Basic concepts 289
10.3 Crack tip fields: asymptotic elastic and plastic solutions 296
10.4 Crack tip fields: finite deformation blunting predictions 303
10.5 Application of crack tip fields and additional
considerations 310
10.6 Stresses around dislocations and inclusions 317
10.7 Conclusions 322
10.8 Acknowledgement 323
10.9 References 323
11 Degradation models for hydrogen embrittlement 326
M. DaDfarnia and P. sofronis, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, USA, B. P. soMerDay and D. K. balcH, Sandia
National Laboratories, USA and P. scHeMbri, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, USA
11.1 Introduction 326
11.2 Subcritical intergranular cracking under gaseous hydrogen
uptake 330
11.3 Subcritical ductile cracking: gaseous hydrogen exposure at
pressures less than 45 MPa or internal hydrogen 356
11.4 Discussion 369
11.5 Conclusions 373
11.6 Acknowledgments 374
11.7 References 374
12 Effect of inelastic strain on hydrogen-assisted
fracture of metals 378
M. M. Hall Jr, MacRay Consulting, USA
12.1 Introduction 378
12.2 Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) processes and assumptions 382
12.3 Hydrogen damage models and assumptions 390
12.4 Diffusion with dynamic trapping 406
12.5 Discussion 420
12.6 Conclusions 422
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
12.7 References 423
12.8 Appendix: nomenclature 428
13 Development of service life prognosis systems for
hydrogen energy devices 430
P. E. irving, Cranfield University, UK
13.1 Introduction 430
13.2 Current techniques for control of cracking in safety
critical structures 433
13.3 Future developments in crack control using prognostic
systems 437
13.4 Prognostic systems for crack control in hydrogen energy
technologies 442
13.5 Potential future research areas 461
13.6 Conclusions 461
13.7 References 462
Part III The future 469
14 Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of high
performance metals in energy systems:
future trends 471
R. Jones, GT Engineering, USA
14.1 Introduction 471
14.2 Theory and modeling 472
14.3 Nanoscale processes 473
14.4 Dynamic crack tip processes 474
14.5 Interfacial effects of hydrogen 475
14.6 Measurement of localized hydrogen concentration 477
14.7 Loading mode effects 478
14.8 Hydrogen permeation barrier coatings 479
14.9 Advances in codes and standards 480
14.10 Conclusions 481
14.11 References 481

Index 485
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012