Gas turbine engineering handbook

993 Pages·2012·33.129 MB·English

by  Meherwan P Boyce

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Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook
Fourth Edition
DULOV 06-ch02-009-018-9780123877796 2011/5/27 10:40 Page 19 #11
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Gas Turbine Engineering
Handbook
Fourth Edition
Meherwan P. Boyce
Managing Partner, The Boyce Consultancy
Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellow, Institute of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers, U.K.
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON
NEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO
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Contents
PrefacetotheFourthEdition xix
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xxiii
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxvii
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xxix
ForewordtotheFirstEdition xxxi
AbouttheAuthor xxxiii
PartI Design:TheoryandPractice 1
1 AnOverviewofGasTurbines 3
GasTurbineCycleintheCombinedCycleorCogenerationMode 3
GasTurbinePerformance 6
GasTurbineDesignConsiderations 11
CategoriesofGasTurbines 15
FrameTypeHeavy-DutyGasTurbines 16
Aircraft-DerivativeGasTurbines 30
Industrial-TypeGasTurbines 39
SmallGasTurbines 42
VehicularGasTurbines 44
Microturbines 50
MajorGasTurbineComponents 51
Compressors 51
Regenerators/Recuperators 57
FuelType 59
Combustors 61
EnvironmentalEffects 62
TurbineExpanderSection 76
Radial-InflowTurbine 76
Mixed-FlowTurbine 77
Axial-FlowTurbines 78
Materials 80
Coatings 83
GasTurbineHeatRecovery 83
SupplementaryFiringofHeatRecoverySystems 85
InstrumentationandControls 87
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vi Contents
2 TheoreticalandActualCycleAnalyses 89
TheBraytonCycle 89
RegenerationEffect 92
IncreasingtheWorkOutputoftheSimple-CycleGasTurbine 95
IntercoolingandReheatingEffects 95
ActualCycleAnalysis 98
TheSimpleCycle 98
TheSplit-ShaftSimpleCycle 100
TheRegenerativeCycle 101
TheInter-cooledSimpleCycle 102
TheReheatCycle 103
TheInter-cooledRegenerativeReheatCycle 105
TheSteamInjectionCycle 105
TheEvaporativeRegenerativeCycle 109
TheBrayton–RankineCycle 110
SummationofCycleAnalysis 113
AGeneralOverviewofCombined-CyclePlants 114
CompressedAirEnergyStorageCycle 121
PowerAugmentation 122
InletCooling 122
InjectionofCompressedAir,Steam,orWater 124
InletCoolingTechniques 124
EvaporativeCoolingoftheTurbine 124
RefrigeratedInletsfortheGasTurbines 125
CombinationofEvaporativeandRefrigeratedInletSystems 127
ThermalEnergyStorageSystems 128
InjectionofCompressedAir,Steam,orWaterforIncreasingPower 128
Mid-CompressorFlashingofWater 128
InjectionofHumidifiedandHeatedCompressedAir 129
CombinationofEvaporativeCoolingandSteamInjection 131
SummationofthePowerAugmentationSystems 132
Bibliography 137
3 CompressorandTurbinePerformanceCharacteristics 139
AerothermodynamicsofTurbomachinery 139
IdealGas 140
Dry-andWet-bulbTemperatures 144
OpticalandRadiationPyrometers 148
IdealGasLaws 149
CompressibilityEffect 150
AerothermalEquations 153
ContinuityEquation 153
MomentumEquation 154
EnergyEquation 156
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Contents vii
Efficiencies 157
AdiabaticThermalEfficiency 158
PolytropicEfficiency 161
DimensionalAnalysis 163
CompressorPerformanceCharacteristics 166
TurbinePerformanceCharacteristics 167
GasTurbinePerformanceComputation 167
Bibliography 176
4 PerformanceandMechanicalStandards 177
MajorVariablesforaGasTurbineApplication 177
TypeofApplication 177
PlantLocationandSiteConfiguration 179
PlantType 180
GasTurbineSizeandEfficiency 180
TypeofFuel 180
Enclosures 183
PlantOperationMode:BaseorPeaking 184
Start-UpTechniques 184
PerformanceStandards 184
ASMEPTC19.1:TestUncertainty 185
ASMEPTC19.3:Part3:TemperatureMeasurement
InstrumentsandApparatus 185
ASMEPTC19.5:FlowMeasurement,Published2004 186
PTC19.10:FlueandExhaustGasAnalyses,Part10 187
ASMEPTC19.11:SteamandWaterSampling,Conditioning,
andAnalysisinthePowerCycle 187
ASMEPTC19.23:GuidanceManualforModelTesting,Published1980 188
ASME PTC 46: Performance Test Code on Overall Plant Performance,
PublishedJanuary1,1996 188
ObjectandScope 188
PerformanceTestCodeonGasTurbines 190
ASMEPTC22,Published2006 190
ASMEMeasurementofExhaustEmissionsfromStationary
GasTurbineEnginesB133.9,Published1994 190
ASME PTC 36 Measurement of Industrial Sound (ASME B133.8),
Published2004 191
MechanicalParameters 191
ASMEB133.2BasicGasTurbines,Published1977
(Reaffirmed:1997) 192
ASMEB133.3ProcurementStandardforGasTurbineAuxiliary
Equipment,Published1981(Reaffirmed1994) 192
ASMEB133.4GasTurbineControlandProtectionSystems,
Published1978(Reaffirmed:1997) 192
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viii Contents
ASMEB133.5ProcurementStandardforGasTurbineElectrical
Equipment,Published1978(Reaffirmed:1994) 193
ASMEB133.7MGasTurbineFuels,Published1985
(Reaffirmed:1992) 193
ASMEB133.8GasTurbineInstallationSoundEmissions,
Published1977(Reaffirmed:1989) 193
ASMEB133.9MeasurementofExhaustEmissionsfrom
StationaryGasTurbineEngines,Published:1994 193
APIStd616GasTurbinesforthePetroleum,Chemical,and
GasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,August1998 194
APIStd613SpecialPurposeGearUnitsforPetroleum,Chemical,
andGasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,June1995 194
APIStd614Lubrication,Shaft-Sealing,andControl-OilSystems
andAuxiliariesforPetroleum,Chemical,andGasIndustry
Services,FourthEdition,April1999 194
APIStd618,ReciprocatingCompressorsforPetroleum,Chemical,
andGasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,June1995 195
APIStd619,Rotary-TypePositiveDisplacementCompressors
forPetroleum,Chemical,andGasIndustryServices,Third
Edition,June1997 195
ANSI/APIStd670Vibration,Axial-Position,and
Bearing-TemperatureMonitoringSystems,ThirdEdition,
November1993 195
APIStd671,SpecialPurposeCouplingsforPetroleum,Chemical,
andGasIndustryServices,ThirdEdition,October1998 195
APIStd677,General-PurposeGearUnitsforPetroleum,
Chemical,andGasIndustryServices,SecondEdition,July1997
(Reaffirmed:March2000) 196
ApplicationoftheMechanicalStandardstotheGasTurbine 196
Gears 203
LubricationSystems 205
VibrationMeasurements 206
Specifications 208
5 RotorDynamics 215
MathematicalAnalysis 215
UndampedFreeSystem 217
DampedSystem 218
ForcedVibrations 222
DesignConsiderations 224
ApplicationtoRotatingMachines 226
RigidSupports 226
FlexibleSupports 228
CriticalSpeedCalculationsforRotorBearingSystems 230
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Contents ix
ElectromechanicalSystemsandAnalogies 232
ForcesActingonaRotor-BearingSystem 233
Rotor-BearingSystemInstabilities 236
Self-ExcitedInstabilities 239
CampbellDiagram 244
Bibliography 250
PartII MajorComponents 251
6 CentrifugalCompressors 253
CentrifugalCompressorComponents 254
InletGuideVanes 260
Impeller 262
Inducer 264
CentrifugalSectionofanImpeller 267
CausesofSlipinanImpeller 269
StodolaSlipFactor 272
StanitzSlipFactor 273
Diffusers 274
ScrollorVolute 275
CentrifugalCompressorPerformance 278
RotorLosses 279
StatorLosses 281
CompressorSurge 283
EffectsofGasComposition 289
ExternalCausesandEffectsofSurge 290
SurgeDetectionandControl 291
ProcessCentrifugalCompressors 292
CompressorConfiguration 295
ImpellerFabrication 298
Bibliography 299
7 Axial-FlowCompressors 303
Introduction 303
BladeandCascadeNomenclature 306
ElementaryAirfoilTheory 309
Laminar-FlowAirfoils 311
EnergyIncrease 313
VelocityTriangles 313
DegreeofReaction 315
RadialEquilibrium 319
DiffusionFactor 320
TheIncidenceRule 321
TheDeviationRule 323