Table Of ContentSpringer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors 15
Series Editor: Gerald Urban
Claus-Dieter Kohl
Thorsten Wagner Editors
Gas Sensing
Fundamentals
15
Springer Series on Chemical
Sensors and Biosensors
Methods and Applications
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Gas Sensing Fundamentals
Volume Editors:
Claus-Dieter Kohl
Thorsten Wagner
With contributions by
F.L. Dickert (cid:1) N. Donato (cid:1) M. Eickhoff (cid:1) H. Fritze (cid:1) A. Helwig (cid:1)
P. Kirchner (cid:1) P.J. Martin (cid:1) A. Mujahid (cid:1) G. Mu¨ller (cid:1) S. Paul (cid:1)
M. Penza (cid:1) P. Reimann (cid:1) S. Reisert (cid:1) D. Richter (cid:1) S. Russ (cid:1)
T. Sauerwald (cid:1) S. Schu¨tz (cid:1) A. Schu¨tze (cid:1) M.J. Scho¨ning (cid:1) J. Teubert (cid:1)
M. Tiemann (cid:1) T. Wagner (cid:1) B. Weißbecker (cid:1) J.T.W. Yeow
Editors
Claus-DieterKohl ThorstenWagner
Institutfu¨rAngewandtePhysik NaturwissenschaftlicheFakulta¨t
Justus-Liebig-Universita¨t DepartmentChemie
Gießen Universita¨tPaderborn
Germany Paderborn
Germany
ISSN1612-7617
ISBN978-3-642-54518-4 ISBN978-3-642-54519-1(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-54519-1
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Preface
This volume addresses several fundamental gas sensing concepts which have
gained increased interest during the last years. Various basic sensor principles,
includingmicro-gravimetricsensors,semiconductingandnanotubesensors,calori-
metric sensors and optical sensors, are covered. Also recent developments on the
related sensitive layers are discussed. These include new properties due to nanos-
tructuringinwell-knownmetaloxidelayers,anin-depthinsightintotheinteresting
chemistryandsignalgenerationofcopperoxideinpercolatingsensorsaswellasa
varietyofapplicationsoffunctionalpolymerspossibleduetoproperimprinting.
Manyoftherecentdevelopmentsaredrivenbycurrentapplicationrequirements.
Extensiontohigheroperatingtemperaturesnecessitatesnewmaterialdevelopments
and it may be no surprise that also a new sensor mechanism (for In O ) became
2 3
evident as a side-product. A workgroup of the DGM (German Material Science
Association)focusesonhightemperaturesensorphysicsandchemistry.
Butalsointhelowtemperatureregimestabilityisanimportantissue.Thereare
new approaches to improve signal reproducibility. On the material side carbon
nanotubes allow for cheap and reliable sensors for integrated devices which will
benefitfromthehighlystablenatureofthecarbonnanotubes.Potentialapplications
cover the field of environmental monitoring, healthcare, or integrated devices.
However, for rough industrial surroundings oxide-based sensors are more
promising. Mimicking insect olfactory systems utilizing semiconducting sensors
combinesthe“evolutionaryexperience”withthereliabilityandlong-termrugged-
ness of the technical system. Another approach introduces optical readout tech-
nique of space charge for inorganic and organic semiconductor sensor to avoid
electricalcontactstothesensingmaterial.Suchdevicesarecurrently(2014)under
development within a project funded by the European Union. They also open
prospects to sensors for chemically aggressive environments without contact cor-
rosionproblems.
Onthesystemsidetheconceptofvirtualmultisensorshasproventobeadvan-
tageous. This general concept, which in principle is not limited to semiconductor
sensors,isbasedontheadjustmentofseveraloptimizedoperatingconditionswhich
vii
viii Preface
are applied sequentially to only one physical sensing element. The so generated
virtualsensingelementscombinedwithrefineddataalgorithmsmeetthenecessary
specificityandselectivityforreliablehazarddetection.
Thereisalsothenecessitytopickthepropertransducertechnique.Calorimetric
sensors offer a versatile transducer concept not only for sensing of explosives,
but also in biology and medical applications. Even the concept of imprinted
layers can be transferredtothem. However,a lotofboundary conditions applyto
implement them into a process, e.g. in biology, medicine, or food industry. A
contribution deals with a common problem of such applications, to provide an
asepticsurrounding.
The concept of percolation is most of us known from current transport in very
thinmetalfilms.Thereexistsacharacteristicdose(depositionratemultipliedbythe
timespan)andthenasudden irreversiblesteepconductanceincreaseoccurs.This
concepthas been successfully transferred tochemicallyreactivegas sensorlayers
able to act as dosimeters. By cyclic operation those layers can also be used for
quasi-continuousmonitoring.
Formanylargermoleculeswithlowvaporpressureandcorrespondinglystron-
ger tendency to enrich on surfaces with geometrically and chemically optimized
surfacesitestheconceptofimprintedlayersrealizedonbulkandsurfaceacoustic
wavesubstratesisaflexibletechnique.Markedprogresshasbeenmadeinspecific-
ityandsensitivityofsinglesensorsystemsaswellasinsensorarrays.
Sowehopethatyouwillbeinspiredbythisbooktonewthoughtsinyourown
workandthe editorsliketothankallauthors ofthisvolumefor theirengagement
andthequalityoftheircontributions.
Gießen,Germany Claus-DieterKohl
Paderborn,Germany ThorstenWagner
Contents
High-TemperatureGasSensors ............................................... 1
DennyRichterandHolgerFritze
InsectOlfactionasaNaturalBlueprintofGasSensors? .................. 47
BernhardWeißbeckerandStefanSchu¨tz
SensorArrays,VirtualMultisensors,DataFusion,andGasSensor
DataEvaluation ............................................................... 67
PeterReimannandAndreasSchu¨tze
CarbonNanotubeGasSensors .............................................. 109
MichelePenza,PhilipJ.Martin,andJohnT.W.Yeow
NewSensingModelof(Mesoporous)In O ................................ 175
2 3
ThorstenWagner,NicolaDonato,andMichaelTiemann
SAWandFunctionalPolymers ............................................. 213
AdnanMujahidandFranzL.Dickert
PercolationEffectsinMetalOxideGasSensorsandRelatedSystems ... 247
TilmanSauerwaldandStefanieRuss
CalorimetricGasSensorsforHydrogenPeroxideMonitoring
inAsepticFoodProcesses ................................................... 279
PatrickKirchner,SteffenReisert,andMichaelJ.Scho¨ning
GroupIII-NitrideChemicalNanosensorswithOpticalReadout ........ 311
Jo¨rgTeubert,SumitPaul,AndreasHelwig,GerhardMu¨ller,
andMartinEickhoff
Index .......................................................................... 339
ix
