Table Of ContentGAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
IN PLANT SCIENCE,
WINE TECHNOLOGY,
TOXICOLOGY AND SOME
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Edited by Bekir Salih
and Ömür Çelikbıçak
Gas Chromatography in Plant Science, Wine Technology, Toxicology
and Some Specific Applications
Edited by Bekir Salih and Ömür Çelikbıçak
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Gas Chromatography in Plant Science, Wine Technology, Toxicology and Some
Specific Applications, Edited by Bekir Salih and Ömür Çelikbıçak
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0127-7
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Plant Science 1
Chapter 1 Determination of the Chemical Composition of
Volatile Oils of Plants Using Superheated Water
Extraction with Comprehensive Gas Chromatography-
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 3
Mustafa Z. Özel
Chapter 2 Application of Gas Chromatography in the
Analysis of Flavour Compounds in Field Peas 15
Sorayya Azarnia, Joyce I. Boye, Tom Warkentin
and Linda Malcolmson
Chapter 3 Chemotaxonomic Study Based on the Variation
of Quinone Compounds in the Heartwood
of Javanese Teak Using GC-MS 31
Ganis Lukmandaru
Chapter 4 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Plant and Insect
Surface Compounds: Cuticular Waxes and Terpenoids 39
Beata Szafranek, Monika Paszkiewicz, Marek Gołębiowski
and Piotr Stepnowski
Chapter 5 Major Volatile Compounds Analysis
Produced from Mezcal Fermentation Using Gas
Chromatography Equipped Headspace (GC–HS) 73
Melchor Arellano, Anne Gschaedler and Montserrat Alcazar
Part 2 Wine Technology 89
Chapter 6 Using Odorant Series as an Analytical Tool for
the Study of the Biological Ageing of Sherry Wines 91
Luis Zea, María J. Ruiz and Lourdes Moyano
VI Contents
Chapter 7 Application of Gas Chromatography on
the Evaluation of Grape and Wine Aroma
in Atlantic Viticulture (NW Iberian Peninsula) 109
Mar Vilanova and José M. Oliveira
Chapter 8 The Aroma of Rojal Red Wines from La Mancha Region –
Determination of Key Odorants 147
Eva Sánchez-Palomo, Eva Gómez García-Carpintero,
Manuel Ángel Gómez Gallego and Miguel Ángel González Viñas
Chapter 9 Application of an Automated Headspace
Solid Phase Micro-Extraction for the
GC-MS Detection and Quantification of
Reductive Sulfur Compounds in Wines 171
Dang-Dung Nguyen, Laura Nicolau and Paul A. Kilmartin
Part 3 Toxicology 195
Chapter 10 Determination of Volatile
Substances in Forensic Samples
by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography 197
Ernesto Bernal
Chapter 11 A Method Using Gas Chromatography –Mass
Spectrometry for the Detection of Mycotoxins
from Trichothecene Groups A and B in Grains 225
Breda Jakovac-Strajn and Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
Part 4 The Other Applications 245
Chapter 12 GC-MS Analysis of Volatile
Plant Secondary Metabolites 247
Elena E. Stashenko and Jairo René Martínez
Chapter 13 The Qualitative and Quantitative
Determinations of Volatile Constituents
in Some Herbal Medicines by Gas Chromatography 271
Chantana Aromdee
Chapter 14 Designing Novel Functional
Food Using Gas Chromatography 285
Constantina Nasopoulou and Ioannis Zabetakis
Chapter 15 Study of the Chemical Composition of
Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography 307
Ester R. Chamorro, Silvia N. Zambón, Walter G. Morales,
Alfredo F. Sequeira and Gustavo A. Velasco
Contents VII
Chapter 16 Chiral and Nonchiral GC×GC/TOFMS Analysis
of Natural Compounds: The Case of Possible
Aggregation Pheromones of Chinese
Bark Beetles Ips shangrila and Ips nitidus 325
Michal Hoskovec, Blanka Kalinová and Miloš Knížek
Preface
Chromatography is the main separation technique used for the analysis of the real
samples which have more and more different compounds having similar or
completely different chemical and physical properties and also mainly affected each
other during the analysis the target compound in the real sample. The development of
the chromatography showed enormous race and many sophisticated chromatographic
methods were discovered for different analytes related to their volatility, molecular
weight, hydrophobicity, specificity to the phases or functional groups of the phases
used in the chromatographic techniques. In the past, mainly preparative
chromatographic techniques were used but nowadays miniaturized and modern
systems which required very low volume of samples such as nano liters and low
concentration of the analytes from part per trillion (ppt) to part per million (ppm) are
prominently important. To parallel the development, new detection systems were also
discovered in order to measure the analytes in the very low volume and with the most
desired detection limits.
At the academic side, many researchers know how they find their way to touch
suitable method and useful chromatographic techniques to analyze their samples with
high accuracy and precision by the proper chromatographic technique and its required
tools such as column, phases and detectors. Nevertheless, the people who are working
at the industry ask very sophisticated question about the real sample “which
compounds and in which level of their concentrations are in the samples?”. To answer
this question, there is no way to go out not to touch the chromatographic techniques.
The useful chromatographic technique is the Gas Chromatography for the volatile
compounds, both organic and organometallic which having volatility up to 300 oC.
Using capillary column and some convenient detectors around hundreds of
compounds having different detector responses could be analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively in the same run.
Today, hyphenated methods including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-
MS) and Gas Chromatography-Atomic Spectrometry have been widely used for the
detection and quantification of the organic molecules and also organometallic species.
Especially Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry technique is the best for the
identification of the finger prints of the organic molecules and their quantification at
X Preface
trace levels. This hyphenated technique does not need any reference material to
identify the organic and organometallic species using chromatographic separation and
mass spectrometric detection. Therefore, GC-MS system is a kind of most special and
useful system among the other Gas Chromatographic Systems.
In the recent years, 2D Gas Chromatography (GCXGC) was discovered and has been
widely used efficiently in today’s Gas Chromatographic studies.
After all these developments in Gas Chromatography and its hyphenated methods,
these techniques have been finding many applications in various sample analysis in
different real samples such as environmental, biological, foods, drugs, narcotics,
plants, soils, sediments and the other samples.
Using the information in the chapters, it may be possible to develop Gas
Chromatographic procedures for different compounds in Plant Science, Wine
Technology and Toxicology by the readers of the book.
Bekir Salih and Ömür Çelikbıçak
Hacettepe University
Department of Chemistry, Ankara,
Turkey
